Blowing snow and sea ice surfaces as a source of polar sea salt aerosol (BLOWSEA)

吹雪和海冰表面是极地海盐气溶胶的来源（BLOWSEA）

• 批准号: NE/J021172/1
• 负责人: Anna Jones
• 金额: $ 45.91万
• 依托单位: British Antarctic Survey
• 依托单位国家: 英国
• 项目类别: Research Grant
• 财政年份: 2012
• 资助国家: 英国
• 起止时间: 2012 至 无数据
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://gtr.ukri.org/projects?ref=NE%2FJ021172%2F1
• 关键词: Blowing; snow; sea; ice; surfaces

Small particles (known as aerosol) in the atmosphere play several critical roles. They affect the transmission of sunlight to the underlying surface; they affect the formation of clouds, and they host and enhance important chemical reactions. When they are deposited on ice they leave a record of past conditions that can be accessed by drilling ice cores. The most significant aerosol component over marine areas is sea salt aerosol. Over most of the world's oceans this is created by bubble bursting in sea spray. However there is strong evidence that another source of sea salt aerosol is important in the polar regions, and that this ultimately derives from the surface of sea ice. The existence of this source forms the basis for a proposed method using ice core data for determining changes in sea ice extent over long time periods. Additionally sea salt aerosol, along with salty sea ice surfaces, is the host for the production of halogen compounds which seem to play a key role in the oxidation chemistry of the polar regions. It is therefore important to understand the sources of polar sea salt aerosol and therefore to be able to predict how they may vary with, and feedback to, climate.It was recently proposed that the main source of this polar sea salt aerosol was the sublimation of salty blowing snow. The idea is that snow on sea ice has a significant salinity. When this salty snow is mobilised into blowing snow, sublimation from the (top of) the blowing snow layer will allow the formation of sea salt aerosol above the blowing snow layer, that can remain airborne after the blowing snow has ceased. First calculations suggested that this would provide a strong source of aerosol (greater than that from open ocean processes over an equivalent area). It was proposed that this would have a strong influence on polar halogen chemistry and a noticeable influence on halogens at lower latitudes. However, this was based on estimates of the relevant parameters as there were no data about aerosol production from this source, and almost no data about blowing snow over sea ice in general.Here we propose to take advantage of a very rare opportunity to penetrate the Antarctic sea ice zone during winter, as we have been allocated spaces on an unusual winter cruise into the sea ice zone on the German icebreaker Polarstern. During this cruise, we will be able to confirm that the blowing snow sea ice source exists, and make measurements that will provide a soundly-based parameterisation of the source. This will be done by making measurements of the snow on sea ice, of the blowing snow itself, and of aerosol above the blowing snow, as well as before and after such episodes. Measurements will include salinity, chemistry (looking at the amount of bromine present in each medium), and for blowing snow and aerosol, the amounts and size distributions.By combining our data with meteorological data, and by comparing them to satellite observations that have recently attempted to identify blowing snow episodes, we will be able to make estimates of the spatial and temporal distribution of sea salt aerosol from this source over the entire Antarctic sea ice zone. This will allow us to assess the importance of this source of sea salt (and of halogens) compared to others that have been proposed. We will then use existing models to assess how important such a source is to sea salt deposition in Antarctica, allowing us to determine how sea salt in ice cores is related to sea ice extent. This opens the possibility of turning a qualitative sea ice proxy into a quantitative one. Models will also be used to re-assess the importance of this source for halogen chemistry in the polar regions and globally.In summary this proposal will provide the first targeted measurements of the parameters needed to assess the importance of blowing snow sublimation as a source of sea salt, and to quantify its most relevant impacts.

大气中的小颗粒（称为气溶胶）发挥着几个关键作用。它们影响阳光到下垫面的传输；它们影响云的形成，并引发和增强重要的化学反应。当它们沉积在冰上时，它们会留下过去条件的记录，可以通过钻冰芯来获取这些记录。海洋区域最重要的气溶胶成分是海盐气溶胶。在世界上大部分海洋中，这是由海浪中的气泡破裂造成的。然而，有强有力的证据表明，海盐气溶胶的另一个来源在极地地区也很重要，并且最终来自海冰表面。该来源的存在构成了所提出的使用冰芯数据确定长期海冰范围变化的方法的基础。此外，海盐气溶胶以及咸海冰表面是卤素化合物产生的主体，卤素化合物似乎在极地地区的氧化化学中发挥着关键作用。因此，了解极地海盐气溶胶的来源非常重要，从而能够预测它们如何随气候变化以及对气候的反馈。最近有人提出，这种极地海盐气溶胶的主要来源是极地海盐气溶胶的升华。咸咸的吹雪。这个想法是海冰上的雪具有很高的盐度。当这种咸雪被动员成吹雪时，从吹雪层（顶部）升华将允许在吹雪层上方形成海盐气溶胶，在吹雪停止后，海盐气溶胶可以保留在空气中。初步计算表明，这将提供强大的气溶胶来源（大于同等面积的公海过程产生的气溶胶来源）。有人提出，这将对极性卤素化学产生强烈影响，并对低纬度地区的卤素产生显着影响。然而，这是基于对相关参数的估计，因为没有关于该来源的气溶胶产生的数据，并且几乎没有关于一般海冰上吹雪的数据。在这里，我们建议利用一个非常难得的机会来穿透冬季的南极海冰区，因为我们被分配了空间，乘坐德国破冰船 Polarstern 进行一次不寻常的冬季巡航，进入海冰区。在这次巡航期间，我们将能够确认吹雪海冰源的存在，并进行测量，从而提供基于可靠的源参数化。这将通过测量海冰上的雪、吹雪本身、吹雪上方的气溶胶以及此类事件之前和之后的测量来完成。测量将包括盐度、化学成分（查看每种介质中溴的含量），以及吹雪和气溶胶的含量和尺寸分布。通过将我们的数据与气象数据相结合，并将它们与最近的卫星观测结果进行比较试图识别吹雪事件，我们将能够估计来自该源的海盐气溶胶在整个南极海冰区的空间和时间分布。这将使我们能够评估这种海盐（和卤素）来源与其他已提出的来源相比的重要性。然后，我们将使用现有模型来评估此类来源对南极洲海盐沉积的重要性，从而使我们能够确定冰芯中的海盐与海冰范围的关系。这开启了将定性海冰代理转变为定量代理的可能性。模型还将用于重新评估这种来源对于极地地区和全球卤素化学的重要性。总而言之，该提案将提供第一个有针对性的参数测量，以评估吹雪升华作为卤素化学来源的重要性。海盐，并量化其最相关的影响。

项目成果

Mechanistic Insight into the Uptake and Fate of Persistent Organic Pollutants in Sea Ice.

海冰中持久性有机污染物的吸收和归宿的机制洞察。

• DOI: http://dx.10.1021/acs.est.9b00967
• 发表时间: 2019
• 期刊: Environmental science & technology
• 影响因子: 11.4
• 作者: Garnett J

Arctic Sea Salt Aerosol from Blowing Snow and Sea Ice Surfaces - a Missing Natural Source in Winter

吹雪和海冰表面产生的北极海盐气溶胶——冬季缺失的天然来源

• 发表时间: 2015
• 作者: Frey; M.M.
• 通讯作者: M.M.

Implementation and Impacts of Surface and Blowing Snow Sources of Arctic Bromine Activation Within WRF-Chem 4.1.1.

WRF-Chem 4.1.1 中北极溴活化的地表和吹雪源的实施和影响。

• DOI: http://dx.10.1029/2020ms002391
• 发表时间: 2021
• 期刊: Journal of advances in modeling earth systems
• 作者: Marelle L

On the significance of blowing snow above sea ice as a source of polar sea salt aerosol

海冰上方的吹雪作为极地海盐气溶胶来源的重要性

• 发表时间: 2014
• 作者: Frey M.M.

First direct observation of sea salt aerosol production from blowing snow above sea ice

首次直接观察海冰上方吹雪产生的海盐气溶胶

• DOI: http://dx.10.5194/acp-2019-259
• 发表时间: 2019
• 作者: Frey M