Under what conditions can Payments for Environmental Services deliver sustainable improvements in welfare? Learning from a Randomized Control Trial

在什么条件下环境服务付费可以带来福利的可持续改善？

• 批准号: NE/L001470/1
• 负责人: Nigel Asquith
• 金额: $ 50.3万
• 依托单位: Natura Foundation
• 依托单位国家: 英国
• 项目类别: Research Grant
• 财政年份: 2014
• 资助国家: 英国
• 起止时间: 2014 至 无数据
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://gtr.ukri.org/projects?ref=NE%2FL001470%2F1
• 关键词: Under; what; conditions; Payments; Environmental

Wilson Maldondado watched his cattle die one by one. The 2010 Bolivian dry season was the worst in Wilson's memory, killing 200 cows in Villamontes and countless others across the Chaco. But it was not the first long drought. In 2004 more than 50,000 people were affected in Gutierrez, where more than 90 percent of the corn crop failed. In Gutierrez 20 communities had no drinking water, and even Villamontes town ran out. Wilson looked at the clouds gathering on the Sierra del Aguarague and wondered, with mountains so close, how the Chaco could be so dry. Across Latin America, the watersheds that could provide users with clean water often have to support additional and sometimes conflicting functions, such as agriculture and forestry. Existing regulatory frameworks have often proved unable to reconcile these conflicting needs. Upper watershed farmers often have no economic alternative other than to deforest their land for agriculture. Upstream Water Factories are thus destroyed-often for a pittance-and cows enter streambeds to drink, forage, urinate and defecate. The subsistence agriculture of upper watershed farmers is unproductive and susceptible to climate change. Downstream municipal water sources are contaminated, children miss school with diarrhoea, sedimentation blocks pipes and dams, and waterholes supporting farmers like Wilson Maldonado dry up. In 2003 in Los Negros, Bolivia, Fundación Natura Bolivia (Natura) helped initiate a new incentive based water conservation model: municipal payments for environmental services (PES). These projects are based on the twin axioms that 1) protecting upstream forests will help maintain water supplies in quantity and quality, and 2) downstream water users need to contribute to such forest protection. The key attributes of these schemes are the precautionary principle and local institution building and alignment. From humble beginnings in 2003, when 6 farmers agreed to protect 465 ha, more than 30,000 downstream users are now compensating 1,140 upstream families for protecting 35,000 ha of forest.This research will identify conditions under which such small scale Payments for Environmental Services (PES) schemes can deliver sustainable improvements in welfare. We will use a series of Randomized Control Trials (RCT) to:1. Explore how payments for ecosystem services can support poverty alleviation in the Bolivian Chaco. The Bolivian Chaco is hot and dry, poverty is widespread, the indigenous people's land is held communally, and drought is a major agricultural constraint. Conditions are thus not typical of Bolivia, and indeed are more like sub-Saharan Africa. We thus expect that lessons we learn will be applicable to less developed countries. 2. Take lessons and tools from Bolivia to other Andean countries, to evaluate the effectiveness of municipal-led PES, and the applicability of the RCT methodology for ecosystem service and poverty alleviation interventions. Taking advantage of an project that will train 200 municipal technicians from Peru, Colombia and Ecuador in how to set up small-scale PES schemes, we will undertake a controlled evaluation of the importance of external inputs and seed capital for PES development.3. Develop and test an RCT evaluation toolkit that can support the Colombian Ministry of the Environment. We are will work with the Government's Direction of Forests and Ecosystem Services to help develop a monitoring and evaluation program for the national PES scheme which ensure that 1% of all municipal revenues are invested in upstream watershed protection.The fundamental objective of this proposal is to assess under what conditions Payments for Environmental Services can deliver sustainable development. A secondary objective is to develop a series evaluation tools so that they can be applied globally, and which can help project developers quickly assess the effectiveness-and hence improve the impact-of their poverty reduction interventions.

威尔逊·马尔登达多（Wilson Maldondado）看着他的牛一一死了。 2010年的玻利维亚干旱季节是威尔逊记忆中最糟糕的季节，在维拉蒙特（Villamontes）杀死了200头母牛，而整个查科（Chaco）则无数其他牛。但这不是第一次长期干旱。 2004年，古铁雷斯（Gutierrez）有50,000多人受到影响，那里有90％的玉米作物失败。在古铁雷斯，有20个社区没有饮用水，甚至维拉蒙特镇也用完了。威尔逊看着塞拉山脉（Sierra del Aguarague）上聚集的云层，想知道，山区如此近，chaco如何干燥。在整个拉丁美洲，可以为用户提供清洁水的流域通常必须支持其他有时甚至相互冲突的功能，例如同意和林业。现有的监管框架经常被证明是为了调和这些矛盾的需求。上流域的农民除了砍伐农业土地外，通常别无其他选择。因此，上游水工厂通常会破坏猪牛，进入溪流床以饮用，觅食，小便和排便。上流域农民的生存农业无效，容易受到气候变化的影响。下游的市政水源受到污染，儿童小学腹泻，沉积块和大坝的沉积块，以及支持威尔逊·马尔多纳多（Wilson Maldonado）等农民的水坑。 2003年，在玻利维亚的洛斯内格罗斯（Los Negros），FundaciónNatura玻利维亚（Natura）（Natura）帮助启动了一种新的基于激励的节水模型：环境服务的文化支付（PES）。这些项目基于双公理，即1）保护上游森林将有助于维持数量和质量的供水，以及2）下游用水用户需要为这种森林保护做出贡献。这些计划的主要属性是预防原则和地方机构的建设和一致性。从2003年不起眼的开端开始，当6名农民同意保护465公顷时，超过30,000个下游用户现在正在补偿1,140个上游家庭，以保护35,000公顷的森林。这项研究将确定这种条件下，环境服务（PES）计划的小规模支付可以在福利中提供可持续的改善。我们将使用一系列随机对照试验（RCT）到：1。探索生态系统服务的付款如何支持玻利维亚查科的贫困。玻利维亚的查科（Chaco）既热又干燥，贫穷是普遍的，土著人民的土地普遍存在，而干旱是主要的农业约束。因此，条件不是玻利维亚的典型情况，实际上更像是撒哈拉以南非洲。因此，我们期望我们学到的教训将适用于较不发达国家。 2。从玻利维亚到其他安第斯国家的课程和工具，评估文化主导的PE的有效性，以及RCT方法论在生态系统服务和贫困减轻干预措施中的适用性。利用一个将在秘鲁，哥伦比亚和厄瓜多尔培训200个文化技术人员如何建立小规模PES计划的项目，我们将对外部投入和种子资本对PES开发的重要性进行受控评估。3。开发和测试可以支持哥伦比亚环境部的RCT评估工具包。我们将与政府的森林和生态系统服务方向合作，以帮助制定国家PES计划的监测和评估计划，该计划确保所有文化揭示的1％投资于上游流域保护的保护。该提案的基本目标是在环境服务的何种条件下评估可以实现可持续发展的条件。次要目标是开发一种系列评估工具，以便可以在全球应用它们，并可以帮助项目开发人员快速评估有效性，从而改善其减少贫困干预措施的影响。

项目成果

An Evaluation of the Impact of Payments for Ecosystem Services using a Randomized Control Trial

使用随机对照试验评估生态系统服务支付的影响

• DOI: 10.17011/conference/eccb2018/107163
• 发表时间: 2018
• 作者: Jones J

Ecosystems, poverty alleviation and conditional transfers. Guidance for practitioners. International Institute for Environment and Development.

生态系统、扶贫和有条件转移支付。

• 发表时间: 2018
• 作者: Porras, I.

Can Payments for Ecosystem Services schemes reduce deforestation? A robust evaluation example from the Bolivian Andes.

生态系统服务付款计划可以减少森林砍伐吗？

• DOI: 10.17011/conference/eccb2018/107826
• 发表时间: 2018
• 作者: Wiik E

The effectiveness of Payments for Ecosystem Services at delivering improvements in water quality: lessons for experiments at the landscape scale.

• DOI: 10.7717/peerj.5753
• 发表时间: 2018
• 期刊: PeerJ
• 影响因子: 2.7
• 作者: Pynegar EL;Jones JPG;Gibbons JM;Asquith NM
• 通讯作者: Asquith NM

Leadership and the voluntary provision of public goods: Field evidence from Bolivia

• DOI: 10.1016/j.jpubeco.2014.10.003
• 发表时间: 2015-02-01
• 期刊: JOURNAL OF PUBLIC ECONOMICS
• 影响因子: 9.8
• 作者: Jack, B. Kelsey;Recalde, Maria P.
• 通讯作者: Recalde, Maria P.