Ocean Acidification Impacts on Sea-Surface Biology, Biogeochemistry and Climate

海洋酸化对海表生物学、生物地球化学和气候的影响

基本信息

批准号：
NE/H017119/1
负责人：
Rosalind Emily Mayors Rickaby
金额：
$ 12.74万
依托单位：
University of Oxford
依托单位国家：
英国
项目类别：
Research Grant
财政年份：
2011
资助国家：
英国
起止时间：
2011 至无数据
项目状态：
已结题

来源：
https://gtr.ukri.org/projects?ref=NE%2FH017119%2F1
关键词：
Ocean Acidification Impacts Sea Surface

项目摘要

The burning of fossil fuels is releasing vast quantities of extra carbon dioxide to the Earth's atmosphere. Much of this stays in the atmosphere, raising CO2 levels, but much also leaves the atmosphere after a time, either to become sequestered in trees and plants, or else to become absorbed in the oceans. CO2 staying in the atmosphere is a greenhouse gas, causing global warming; CO2 entering the sea makes it more acidic, and the ongoing acidification of seawater is seen in observational records at various sites where time-series data are collected. The changing chemistry of seawater due to ocean acidification is mostly well understood and not subject to debate. What is much less well known is the impact that the changing chemistry will have on marine organisms and ecosystems, on biogeochemical cycling in the sea, and on how the sea interacts with the atmosphere to influence climate. We will look to investigate these questions in terms of how the surface waters of the world's oceans, and the life within, will respond to ocean acidification. Most of what we know about biological impacts, and the source of the current concern about the impact on marine life, comes from experimental studies in which individual organisms (e.g. single corals) or mono-specific populations (e.g. plankton cultures) have been subjected to elevated CO2 (and the associated lower pH) in laboratory experiments. These laboratory experiments have the advantage of being performed under controlled conditions in which everything can be kept constant except for changes to CO2. So if a response is observed, then the cause is clear. However, there are also limitations to laboratory studies. For instance, organisms have no time to adapt evolutionarily, and there is no possibility of shifts in species composition away from more sensitive forms towards more acid-tolerant forms, as might be expected to occur in nature. Another shortcoming is the absence of food-web complexity in most experiments, and therefore the absence of competition, predation, and other interactions that determine the viability of organisms in the natural environment. We seek to advance the study of ocean acidification by collecting more observations of naturally-occurring ecosystems in places where the chemistry of seawater is naturally more acidic, and/or where it naturally holds more carbon,as well as locations which are not so acidic, and/or hold more usual amounts of carbon. By contrasting the two sets of observations, we will gain an improved understanding of how acidification affects organisms living in their natural environment, after assemblage reassortments and evolutionary adaptation have had time to play out. Most of the planned work will be carried out on 3 cruises to places with strong gradients in seawater carbon and pH: to the Arctic Ocean, around the British Isles, and to the Southern Ocean. As well a making observations we will also conduct a large number of experiments, in which we will bring volumes of natural seawater from the ocean surface into containers on the deck of the ship, together with whatever life is contained within, and there subject them to higher CO2 and other stressors. We will monitor the changes that take place to these natural plankton communities (including to biogeochemical and climate-related processes) as the seawater is made more acidic. A major strength of such studies is the inclusion of natural environmental variability and complexity that is difficult or impossible to capture in laboratory experiments. Thus, the responses measured during these experiments on the naturally-occurring community may represent more accurately the future response of the surface ocean to ocean acidification. In order to carry out this experimental/observational work programme we have assembled a strong UK-wide team with an extensive track record of successfully carrying out sea-going scientificresearch projects of this type.

化石燃料的燃烧正在向地球大气中释放大量二氧化碳。这大部分时间都留在大气中，提高了二氧化碳水平，但一段时间后也会离开大气，要么被树木和植物隔离，要么被海洋吸收。二氧化碳留在大气中是一种温室气体，导致全球变暖。进入海洋的二氧化碳使其更具酸性，并且在收集时间序列数据的各个地点的观测记录中可以看到海水的持续酸化。由于海洋酸化而变化的海水化学不断变化，大多数情况众所周知，并且不存在争议。鲜为人知的是，不断变化的化学对海洋生物和生态系统的影响，对海洋生物地球化学循环以及海洋如何与大气相互作用以影响气候的影响。我们将根据世界海洋的地表水以及内部的生命如何对海洋酸化做出反应，以研究这些问题。我们对生物学影响的大多数知识以及当前对海洋生物影响的关注的根源来自实验研究，在这些研究中，在实验室实验中，单个生物（例如单珊瑚）或单一特异性种群（例如，浮游生物培养物（例如，浮游生物培养物）（例如，浮游生物培养物）（例如，浮游生物培养物）在实验室实验中受到升高。这些实验室实验具有在受控条件下进行的优势，在该条件下，除了更改CO2之外，一切都可以保持恒定。因此，如果观察到响应，则原因是明确的。但是，实验室研究也存在局限性。例如，有机体没有时间来进化，也没有可能将物种组成从更敏感的形式转移到更耐酸的形式，这可能会在自然界中发生。另一个缺点是在大多数实验中缺乏食物-WEB的复杂性，因此缺乏决定自然环境中生物体生存能力的竞争，捕食和其他相互作用。我们试图通过在海水化学自然更酸性和/或自然地容纳更多碳以及不那么酸性的位置和/或持有更多通常的碳含量的地方来寻求通过收集自然出现的生态系统的更多观察来推动海洋酸化的研究。通过对比两组观察，我们将对酸化如何影响生活在其自然环境中的生物有所改善，在组合放置和进化适应后，我们有时间发挥作用。大多数计划的工作将在3巡航到海水碳和pH的地方进行3次巡游：到北极海洋，不列颠群岛周围和南大洋。除了进行观察，我们还将进行大量实验，其中我们将将大量的天然海水从海水表面带入船甲板上的容器中，以及其中包含的任何寿命，并在那里使它们受到更高的CO2和其他压力。随着海水变得更加酸性，我们将监视对这些天然浮游生物群落发生的变化（包括生物地球化学和与气候相关的过程）。此类研究的主要优势是包括自然环境变异性和复杂性，在实验室实验中很难或不可能捕获。因此，在这些实验中测得的对天然群体社区的反应可能更准确地代表了地表海对海洋酸化的未来反应。为了执行这项实验/观察工作计划，我们为一支强大的英国团队组成了一支强大的往绩，以成功地执行此类海学科学研究项目。

项目成果

期刊论文数量（10）

专著数量（0）

科研奖励数量（0）

会议论文数量（0）

专利数量（0）

Towards the use of the coccolith vital effects in palaeoceanography: A field investigation during the middle Miocene in the SW Pacific Ocean

DOI：
10.1016/j.dsr.2020.103262
发表时间：
2020-06
期刊：
Deep Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers
影响因子：
0
作者：
M. Hermoso;H. McClelland;James S. Hirst;F. Minoletti;M. Bonifacie;R. Rickaby
通讯作者：
M. Hermoso;H. McClelland;James S. Hirst;F. Minoletti;M. Bonifacie;R. Rickaby

The uronic acid content of coccolith-associated polysaccharides provides insight into coccolithogenesis and past climate.