Improving current and future satellite observations of snow water equivalent

改进当前和未来的雪水当量卫星观测

基本信息

  • 批准号:
    NE/E013902/2
  • 负责人:
  • 金额:
    $ 4.44万
  • 依托单位:
  • 依托单位国家:
    英国
  • 项目类别:
    Fellowship
  • 财政年份:
    2009
  • 资助国家:
    英国
  • 起止时间:
    2009 至 无数据
  • 项目状态:
    已结题

项目摘要

Snow water equivalent (SWE) is the liquid equivalent of water of a known area of snowpack. Seasonal and inter-annual changes in the global extent of SWE have a strong and complex influence on estimates of the global energy balance. As the global energy balance is an important part of global climate models, which are used to predict climate change, it is vital that current uncertainties in SWE estimates are identified and minimised to reduce their impact on predictions of future climate scenarios. The distribution of SWE can be highly variable over space and time; even over flat, uncomplicated land surfaces. Consequently, to get an adequate estimate of SWE on a global scale, observations are required at a horizontal resolution of 200-500 m and a temporal resolution of 15 days (or even less when snowpacks are melting). Observations of SWE at these resolutions are required to adequately test how well global climate models predict SWE; particularly as the accuracy of SWE predictions by global climate models has an important knock-on effect as to how well such models predict future climate scenarios. However, current observations of SWE do not meet these horizontal and temporal requirements. The global distribution of ground-based SWE observations are too sparse and, although satellite observations more closely match the greater spatial extents required to evaluate modelled estimates, none of the currently available satellite sensors are designed specifically to measure SWE; those that are used to get some estimate of SWE only have a horizontal resolution of 25,000 m. Consequently, we urgently need to find out: 'How can we reduce uncertainty in estimates of SWE from current satellite sensors and can we provide the scientific justification for new sensors specifically designed to observe SWE?' Recent technological advances in ground-based radar has meant that, for the first time, observations of SWE (to an accuracy of 10%) are possible at a rate of up to 50 observations a second using a cheap, lightweight, low-power radar system attached to a snowmobile. This proposal will capitalise on such technological advances to make high horizontal resolution measurements (~10 cm) within the footprint of current satellite sensors (25 x 25 km), which will allow the uncertainty in SWE to be accurately assessed. Observations of SWE and other snowpack properties will be made periodically from snowpits to provide a double check on the accuracy of radar observations. Also, hourly changes in SWE will be observed using this radar system as a snowpack first accumulates and then melts-out throughout an annual cycle. Hourly radar observations will be made throughout the winter at a range of frequencies and angles relative to the snowpack surface. This will mimic potential new sensors which have been proposed to specifically measure SWE. Currently, the abilities of proposed new sensors designed to observe SWE have only been justified by theoretical studies. This work will provide the first data set that is able to test these theoretical studies over a wide range of snowpack conditions. Estimates of SWE and other snowpack properties (e.g. vertical profiles of temperature, grain size and liquid water content) using a computer model will provide essential hourly information to interpret and compare with the radar observations. Periodic snowpits will again be used to double check the accuracy of modelled estimates and radar observations. The timing and focus of this proposal takes advantage of exceptional logistical and scientific opportunities currently scheduled for 2007-10 as part of ongoing work by NASA and the European Space Agency. It will add great value to current and future proposals for satellites dedicated to the observation of SWE and, more generally, it will advance the collaborative and international nature of snow science research as part of the International Polar Year.
雪水当量 (SWE) 是已知积雪区域水的液体当量。全球 SWE 范围的季节性和年际变化对全球能源平衡的估计具有强烈而复杂的影响。由于全球能源平衡是用于预测气候变化的全球气候模型的重要组成部分,因此识别并最小化 SWE 估计中当前的不确定性至关重要,以减少其对未来气候情景预测的影响。 SWE 的分布随空间和时间变化很大;即使是在平坦、简单的地面上。因此,为了在全球范围内对 SWE 进行充分的估计,需要以 200-500 m 的水平分辨率和 15 天的时间分辨率(当积雪融化时甚至更短)进行观测。需要在这些分辨率下对 SWE 进行观测,以充分测试全球气候模型对 SWE 的预测效果;特别是因为全球气候模型 SWE 预测的准确性对于此类模型预测未来气候情景的效果具有重要的连锁反应。然而,目前对 SWE 的观测并不能满足这些水平和时间的要求。地面 SWE 观测的全球分布过于稀疏,尽管卫星观测更接近于评估模型估计所需的更大空间范围,但目前可用的卫星传感器都不是专门为测量 SWE 而设计的;用于估计 SWE 的水平分辨率仅为 25,000 m。因此,我们迫切需要找出:“如何减少当前卫星传感器对 SWE 估计的不确定性,以及我们能否为专门设计用于观测 SWE 的新传感器提供科学依据?”地基雷达的最新技术进步意味着,使用廉价、轻型、低功率雷达首次可以以每秒 50 次观测的速度对 SWE 进行观测(精度为 10%)连接到雪地摩托的系统。该提案将利用此类技术进步,在当前卫星传感器的覆盖范围(25 x 25 公里)内进行高水平分辨率测量(~10 厘米),这将使 SWE 的不确定性得到准确评估。将定期从雪坑进行 SWE 和其他积雪特性的观测,以对雷达观测的准确性进行双重检查。此外,使用该雷达系统可以观察到 SWE 每小时的变化,因为积雪首先积聚,然后在整个年度周期中融化。整个冬季,每小时都会以一定频率和相对于积雪表面的角度进行雷达观测。这将模仿潜在的新传感器,这些传感器已被提议专门测量 SWE。目前,所提出的用于观察 SWE 的新型传感器的能力仅通过理论研究得到证实。这项工作将提供第一个数据集,能够在广泛的积雪条件下测试这些理论研究。使用计算机模型对 SWE 和其他积雪特性(例如温度的垂直分布、颗粒尺寸和液态水含量)的估计将提供必要的每小时信息,以解释并与雷达观测结果进行比较。定期的雪坑将再次用于双重检查建模估计和雷达观测的准确性。该提案的时机和重点利用了目前计划于 2007-10 年进行的特殊后勤和科学机会,作为 NASA 和欧洲航天局正在进行的工作的一部分。它将为当前和未来致力于 SWE 观测的卫星提案增添巨大价值,更广泛地说,作为国际极地年的一部分,它将促进雪科学研究的协作性和国际性。

项目成果

期刊论文数量(9)
专著数量(0)
科研奖励数量(0)
会议论文数量(0)
专利数量(0)
Microstructure representation of snow in coupled snowpack and microwave emission models
  • DOI:
    10.5194/tc-11-229-2017
  • 发表时间:
    2016-07
  • 期刊:
  • 影响因子:
    0
  • 作者:
    M. Sandells;R. Essery;N. Rutter;L. Wake;L. Leppänen;J. Lemmetyinen
  • 通讯作者:
    M. Sandells;R. Essery;N. Rutter;L. Wake;L. Leppänen;J. Lemmetyinen
Snow stratigraphic heterogeneity within ground-based passive microwave radiometer footprints: Implications for emission modeling
地基无源微波辐射计足迹内的雪地层异质性:对发射建模的影响
  • DOI:
    10.1002/2013jf003017
  • 发表时间:
    2014
  • 期刊:
  • 影响因子:
    0
  • 作者:
    Rutter N
  • 通讯作者:
    Rutter N
Recording microscale variations in snowpack layering using near-infrared photography
使用近红外摄影记录积雪分层的微尺度变化
  • DOI:
    10.3189/002214310791190938
  • 发表时间:
    2017
  • 期刊:
  • 影响因子:
    3.4
  • 作者:
    Tape K
  • 通讯作者:
    Tape K
Brief communication: Improved measurement of ice layer density in seasonal snowpacks
简短交流:改进季节性积雪中冰层密度的测量
  • DOI:
    10.5194/tc-10-2069-2016
  • 发表时间:
    2016
  • 期刊:
  • 影响因子:
    0
  • 作者:
    Watts T
  • 通讯作者:
    Watts T
Understanding Snow Microstructure for Microwave Remote Sensing
了解微波遥感中的雪微观结构
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Nick Rutter其他文献

台湾の小学校英語教員の成長
台湾小学英语教师的成长
  • DOI:
  • 发表时间:
    2023
  • 期刊:
  • 影响因子:
    0
  • 作者:
    Chelsea Szendi Schieder;Tamara Chaplin;Jadwiga E. Pieper Mooney;Burleigh Hendrickson;Nick Rutter;Milinda Banerjee;Steffen Bruendel;Patrick Iber;Todd Shepard;Alejandro Gomez-del-Moral;Jing Jing Chang;Gabriela Aceves Sepulveda;Karen L. Ishizuka,;Mayumi OGA;大賀まゆみ
  • 通讯作者:
    大賀まゆみ
A Teacher's Language Use in Junior High School English Classrooms in Shanghai -From the Results of a Two-Year Analysis-
上海初中英语课堂教师语言使用情况-两年分析结果-
  • DOI:
  • 发表时间:
    2020
  • 期刊:
  • 影响因子:
    0
  • 作者:
    Chelsea Szendi Schieder;Tamara Chaplin;Jadwiga E. Pieper Mooney;Burleigh Hendrickson;Nick Rutter;Milinda Banerjee;Steffen Bruendel;Patrick Iber;Todd Shepard;Alejandro Gomez-del-Moral;Jing Jing Chang;Gabriela Aceves Sepulveda;Karen L. Ishizuka,;Mayumi OGA
  • 通讯作者:
    Mayumi OGA
The Global Sixties: Conventions, Contests, and Countercultures
全球六十年代:大会、竞赛和反主流文化
  • DOI:
  • 发表时间:
    2017
  • 期刊:
  • 影响因子:
    0
  • 作者:
    Chelsea Szendi Schieder;Tamara Chaplin;Jadwiga E. Pieper Mooney;Burleigh Hendrickson;Nick Rutter;Milinda Banerjee;Steffen Bruendel;Patrick Iber;Todd Shepard;Alejandro Gomez-del-Moral;Jing Jing Chang;Gabriela Aceves Sepulveda;Karen L. Ishizuka,
  • 通讯作者:
    Karen L. Ishizuka,

Nick Rutter的其他文献

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{{ truncateString('Nick Rutter', 18)}}的其他基金

Carbon Emissions under Arctic Snow (CEAS)
北极雪下的碳排放(CEAS)
  • 批准号:
    NE/W003686/1
  • 财政年份:
    2021
  • 资助金额:
    $ 4.44万
  • 项目类别:
    Research Grant
Snow-Vegetation-Atmosphere Interactions over Heterogeneous Landscapes
异质景观上的雪-植被-大气相互作用
  • 批准号:
    NE/H005099/1
  • 财政年份:
    2010
  • 资助金额:
    $ 4.44万
  • 项目类别:
    Research Grant
Improving current and future satellite observations of snow water equivalent
改进当前和未来的雪水当量卫星观测
  • 批准号:
    NE/E013902/1
  • 财政年份:
    2007
  • 资助金额:
    $ 4.44万
  • 项目类别:
    Fellowship

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