Assessing welfare in fish: the answer is in the water!

评估鱼类的福利：答案就在水中！

• 批准号: NC/K001086/1
• 负责人: Ioanna Katsiadaki
• 金额: $ 46.3万
• 依托单位: Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science
• 依托单位国家: 英国
• 项目类别: Research Grant
• 财政年份: 2012
• 资助国家: 英国
• 起止时间: 2012 至 无数据
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://gtr.ukri.org/projects?ref=NC%2FK001086%2F1
• 关键词: Assessing; welfare; fish; answer; water

Fish as second class vertebrates: Both the public and the research community have somewhat lower moral standards for scientific procedures involving fish than mammals. This is probably due to the difficulty in empathising with the evolutionarily more distant fish. The perceptions that fish do not experience feelings and emotions and do not merit quality care need to be challenged. There is a widely recognised lack of detailed manuals and guidance for care and housing of experimental fish. Currently it is unclear if fish would benefit from environmental enrichment during holding and experimentation and the majority are held in bare aquaria. Conditions are deemed acceptable if fish just survive, grow and reproduce. Happy fish: We believe that there is a difference between survive and thrive and we therefore wish to pursue a novel idea; the development and validation of measures of 'good' welfare (as opposed to indicators of 'poor' welfare) in fish. We believe that measurements of biochemical brain messengers (brain monoamines, BMAs) have the potential to provide such a means. Serotonin, for example, contributes to feelings of well-being in humans, is widely acknowledged as our mood hormone, and is often referred to as the "happy molecule''. Dopamine also plays important roles in behaviour, cognition, voluntary movement, motivation, punishment and reward, sleep, mood, attention, working memory and learning. Adrenaline participates in the fight-or-flight response and melatonin has been shown to be effective in treating one form of depression and seasonal affective disorder. The strong relationships between BMAs and 'mood' are reflected by the fact that these molecules are the standard target for drugs to treat human depression. Research over the past 30 years has established great similarities between fish and mammalian BMA systems . Dopamine and serotonin levels (and their oxidized amine metabolites) have previously been measured in the brains of fish, with responses to stress being well-documented. Look in the water: Most objective methods for assessing welfare in fish (i.e. not utilising behavioural observations alone) suffer from a great drawback: the need to sample invasively (i.e. by drawing blood) or even lethally (brain tissue for measuring BMAs levels). This makes them highly unsuitable for routine assessment and monitoring. Our team at Cefas has pioneered the non-invasive measurement of cortisol, a well-documented stress hormone, as well as various sex steroids and melatonin in fish by measuring them in the water rather than the blood. We also have preliminary data suggesting that serotonin is also excreted in the water in measurable concentrations. Hence our extensive experience to date suggests that many important molecules that act within the brain and the body are excreted, secreted or leak out of fish into the water (through the gills, skin, urine and faeces) and can be measured non-invasively in the water. What is a good aquarium? Our experimental plan includes three widely used laboratory fish species (zebrafish, trout and stickleback) and three different holding conditions (standard-as per manuals and common practices; optimum- standard + appropriate environmental enrichment based on the behaviour and ecology of the species e.g. substratum, water current, shelter etc; sub-standard- standard + mild stressors such as netting, chasing, exposure to noise). The science bit: Water samples will be collected and extracts will go through a number of analytical tests to identify a marker of welfare and develop a method that allows routine measurements to be made. In all experiments, the water chemistry profile will be linked to both behaviour and the levels of cortisol, a measure of stress.

鱼类作为二等脊椎动物：公众和研究界的科学程序涉及鱼类的道德标准都比哺乳动物较低。这可能是由于对进化更遥远的鱼的同情困难。鱼类没有感觉和情感的看法，并且不需要挑战质量的护理。有广泛认可的缺乏详细的手册和实验性鱼类护理和住房的指导。目前尚不清楚鱼在持有和实验期间是否会受益于环境富集，而大多数人则在裸露的水族箱中进行。如果鱼刚刚生存，生长和繁殖，情况可以认为是可以接受的。快乐的鱼：我们相信生存和繁荣之间存在差异，因此我们希望追求一个新颖的想法。鱼类中“良好”福利措施的发展和验证（与鱼类福利的指标相对）。我们认为，生化脑信使（脑单胺，BMA）的测量有可能提供这种手段。例如，血清素有助于人类的幸福感，被广泛认为是我们的情绪激素，通常被称为“快乐分子”。多巴胺在行为，认知，自愿运动，自愿运动，动机，动机，惩罚和惩罚和惩罚，情绪，情绪，注意力，工作，工作和学习的竞争中都可以在行为，自愿运动，自愿运动，动机，动机，惩罚和学习中参与型在行为，自愿运动，动机，惩罚和学习中的能力。抑郁症和季节性的情感障碍水：评估鱼类福利的最客观方法（即不单独使用行为观察）遭受了极大的缺点：需要进行浸润性（即通过抽血）或什至是致命的（用于测量BMAS水平的脑组织）的需要。这使它们非常不适合常规评估和监视。我们位于CEFAS的团队通过在水中测量水而不是血液来启用皮质醇的非侵入性测量，其中有据可查的应激激素，以及鱼类中的各种性类固醇和褪黑激素。我们还拥有初步数据，表明5-羟色胺也以可测量的浓度排泄在水中。因此，我们迄今为止的丰富经验表明，许多重要的分子在大脑和身体内部作用，分泌或从鱼中渗出或渗出到水中（通过g，皮肤，尿液和粪便），可以在水中进行非侵袭性测量。什么是好水族馆？我们的实验计划包括三种广泛使用的实验室鱼类（斑马鱼，鳟鱼和粘背）和三种不同的固定条件（按照手册和常用实践为标准；最佳标准 +基于物种的行为和生态学的适当的环境富集，例如底层，水电流，庇护所等；不稳定 +标准的压力 +不足的压力 - 不足的压力，例如净化，例如净化噪声，噪声，噪音。科学位：将收集水样品，提取物将通过许多分析测试来识别福利标记，并开发一种允许进行常规测量的方法。在所有实验中，水化学特征都将与皮质醇的行为和皮质醇水平相关，这是一种衡量应力的量度。