Genomics Enhanced Wheat Breeding: Using sequencing technologies for trait dissection, marker assisted selection and genomic selection in wheat.

基因组学增强小麦育种：利用测序技术进行小麦性状解析、标记辅助选择和基因组选择。

• 批准号: MR/T041935/1
• 负责人: John Baison
• 金额: $ 31.26万
• 依托单位: RAGT Seeds (United Kingdom)
• 依托单位国家: 英国
• 项目类别: Fellowship
• 财政年份: 2021
• 资助国家: 英国
• 起止时间: 2021 至 无数据
• 项目状态: 未结题
• 来源: https://gtr.ukri.org/projects?ref=MR%2FT041935%2F1
• 关键词: Genomics; Enhanced; Wheat; Breeding; Using

Bread wheat accounts for a fifth of the world's food, is the main source of protein in developing countries and is second only to rice as a source of calories in those consumers' diets. It is the most widely grown arable crop in the UK, where it is grown on around 1.8 million hectares per year.UK breeders and farmers have been highly successful in developing and growing wheat varieties with higher yield potential: over the period 1948 to 2006, average yields in the UK increased from ~3 tonnes per hectare to ~8.0 tonnes. Unfortunately, wheat production increases have not kept pace with increased demand. Furthermore, wheat productivity is threatened by disease, competition for high quality agricultural land, resource limitations, and adverse environmental conditions that dramatically reduce optimal yields. It has been estimated that in Europe productivity needs to double to keep pace with demand and to maintain stable prices.To help plant breeders improve wheat varieties they have utilised genetics variants, in particular Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs), that are linked to known traits such as disease resistance, adaptation to particular environments, bread making quality characteristics and components of yield. Breeders use molecular markers to track linked SNPs as a proxy for these beneficial traits. This has the advantage of screening many thousands of lines quicker, cheaper, and in some cases more accurately than growing in a field to assess the lines conventionally.Wheat evolved from two naturally occurring separate hybridisation events, each creating a genetic bottleneck. Firstly two wild grasses hybridised to form a relative of pasta wheat. Subsequently a third wild grass hybridised to produce bread wheat. As a result, the total genome size is approximately 16,000 Mb or 35 times the size of the rice genome and 5 times the human genome. The relative lack of diversity in bread wheat has led to breeders and researchers crossing wheat varieties with relatives of wheat to increase genetic diversity and specifically to introduce beneficial traits such as disease resistance. Whilst a large number of SNPs have been identified in bread wheat, these have been identified in relatively few varieties and are not always relevant to the particular germplasm that a breeder is working in. In addition, many of the relatives that have been crossed into wheat have not had specific SNPs identified and represent a 'blind spot' to the breeders.This project aims to produce DNA sequence data for wheat genes for 280 wheat varieties, using a technology known as exome capture and 'next generation sequencing'. This is a complexity reduction process, which reduces the genome size and will enable us to produce sequence data for a large number of lines. The lines will be selected to contain key relatives that have been crossed into wheat. This data will enable us to identify the regions that we have been blind to, and to more accurately locate genes of interest so we can then breed for them using molecular markers. Ultimately, this will help us to develop varieties that have key traits for farmers, such as virus resistances, that will enable them to use less pesticides and to farm wheat more reliably.

面包小麦占世界食品的五分之一，是发展中国家蛋白质的主要来源，仅次于大米作为消费者饮食中的卡路里来源。它是英国最广泛种植的农作物，每年约有180万公顷的土地生长。UK育种者和农民在开发和发展具有较高产量的小麦品种方面非常成功：在1948年至2006年期间，英国的平均收益率从每公顷约3吨增加到〜8.0吨。不幸的是，小麦的产量增加并没有跟上需求增加。此外，小麦生产力受到疾病的威胁，高质量农业土地的竞争，资源限制以及不利的环境条件，这些条件大大降低了最佳产量。据估计，在欧洲，生产力需要加倍以与需求保持同步并保持稳定的价格。为了帮助植物育种者改善他们利用遗传学变体的小麦品种，尤其是单核苷酸多态性（SNP），这些变体（SNP）与已知的特征有关，例如抗病性，诸如疾病的特征，适应特定环境，适应特定的环境，面包，制造质量和组合特征和成分。育种者使用分子标记来跟踪链接的SNP作为这些有益特征的代理。这具有比在田野中成长更准确地筛选数千条线更快，更便宜的线路以评估这些线路以常规评估线。首先，两只野草杂交形成了面食小麦的亲戚。随后，第三颗野草杂交生产面包小麦。结果，总基因组大小约为16,000 MB或水稻基因组大小的35倍，是人类基因组的5倍。面包小麦的相对缺乏多样性导致育种者和研究人员与小麦的亲戚穿越小麦品种，以增加遗传多样性，特别是引入有益的特征，例如抗病性。虽然在面包小麦中已经发现了大量SNP，但这些SNP在相对较少的品种中被鉴定出来，并且并不总是与育种者正在工作的特定种质有关。此外，许多已跨入小麦的亲戚还没有确定特定的SNP，并以“盲人”为目标，以生产育种的特定作品。外显子捕获和“下一代测序”。这是一个复杂性的降低过程，可降低基因组大小，并使我们能够为大量线生成序列数据。这些线将被选择以包含已交叉成小麦的关键亲戚。这些数据将使我们能够确定我们盲目的区域，并更准确地定位感兴趣的基因，然后我们可以使用分子标记为它们繁殖。最终，这将有助于我们开发具有针对农民（例如病毒抗药性）具有关键特征的品种，这些品种将使他们能够使用更少的农药并更加可靠地耕种小麦。

项目成果

Teasing apart the joint effect of demography and natural selection in the birth of a contact zone.

• DOI: 10.1111/nph.18480
• 发表时间: 2022-12
• 期刊: NEW PHYTOLOGIST
• 影响因子: 9.4
• 作者: Li, Lili;Milesi, Pascal;Tiret, Mathieu;Chen, Jun;Sendrowski, Janek;Baison, John;Chen, Zhi-Qiang;Zhou, Linghua;Karlsson, Bo;Berlin, Mats;Westin, Johan;Garcia-Gil, Maria Rosario;Wu, Harry X.;Lascoux, Martin
• 通讯作者: Lascoux, Martin