THINKING ABOUT THE SEXES CAUSES, CONTENTS, CONSEQUENCES

思考性别的原因、内容和后果

• 批准号: 3379415
• 负责人: RICHARD D ASHMORE
• 金额: $ 8.15万
• 依托单位: RUTGERS, THE STATE UNIV OF N.J.
• 依托单位国家: 美国
• 财政年份: 1987
• 资助国家: 美国
• 起止时间: 1987-02-01 至 1989-01-31
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://reporter.nih.gov/project-details/3379415
• 关键词: gender difference; sex roles; social facilitation; social model

The objective of the proposed project is to test the value of a cognitive-social psychological framework for thinking about the sexes. The framework goes beyond extant work on sex stereotypes in four major ways. First, personal gender stereotypes (Lippman's "pictures in the head" of an individual perceiver) are distinguished from cultural stereotypes (beliefs that are widely shared in a particular society). Second, we consider together the "causes," "contents," and "consequences" of sex stereotypes. Two types of causes are posited, distal and proximal. Distal (or outside of the individual's head) causes are: degree of exposure to mainstream American culture (and, hence, exposure to cultural stereotypes); relationships with specific men and women. There are also two primary types of proximal (or inside the head) causes considered: Identities and Personal Goals. In terms of consequences, we focus on social information processing. Third, a broader view of the contents of thinking about the sexes is here taken than has been the case in most previous work. In addition to beliefs about the superordinate gender categories (or, gender stereotypes, which have been the focus of most prior work), we suggest that people have thoughts and feelings about types of men and women ("businessman," "career woman") and about specific women and men. Further, we add feelings and images to the trait adjectives which are used almost exclusively as the elements of sex stereotypes in extant work. Fourth, we test various alternative ways of representing how beliefs about the sexes are structured in memory. A group of college sophomores will participate in nine separate data gathering sessions. Although causes and consequences will be assessed, the focus of the project will be contents of thinking about the sexes, especially those neglected by previous researchers (i.e., gender sub-types, specific men and women). In data analysis and idiographic approach will be taken, i.e., the individual will be the unit of analysis. In addition, however, three nomothetic properties of thinking about the sexes (i.e., Gender Differentiation, Gender Traditionality, Differential Gender Evaluation) will be assessed and linked to both hypothesized causes and consequences. The mental health implications of this comprehensive approach to how individuals think about the sexes are great. For example, our Gender Differentiation variable allows us to test the following questions: Do some people see men and women as extremely different, even opposing groups? Does such thinking bias the impression formation process?

拟议项目的目标是测试 思考的认知社会心理学框架 性别。 该框架超越了现有的性工作 刻板印象主要表现在四个方面。 一、个人性别 刻板印象（李普曼的“头脑中的图像”） 感知者）与文化刻板印象（信念 在特定社会中广泛共享）。 第二，我们 综合考虑“原因”、“内容”和“结果” 性别刻板印象。 提出了两种类型的原因：远端原因和 近端。 远端（或个人头部之外）的原因是： 对美国主流文化的接触程度（因此， 接触文化刻板印象）；与特定男性的关系 和妇女。 还有两种主要类型的近端（或 头脑中）考虑的原因：身份和个人目标。 在后果方面，我们关注社会信息 加工。 三、更广阔的视野思考内容 这里关于性别的看法比大多数情况下的情况要多 以前的工作。 除了对上级的信仰之外 性别类别（或性别刻板印象） 大多数先前工作的重点），我们建议人们有想法 以及对男性和女性类型的感受（“商人”， “职业女性”）以及特定的女性和男性。 此外，我们 将情感和图像添加到所使用的特质形容词中 几乎完全是现存性别刻板印象的要素 工作。 第四，我们测试各种替代的表示方式 关于性别的信念是如何在记忆中构建的。 一组大学二年级学生将参加九个单独的项目 数据收集会议。 尽管原因和后果将 进行评估，项目的重点将是思考的内容 关于性别，尤其是那些被以前忽视的性别 研究人员（即性别子类型、特定的男性和女性）。 在 将采取数据分析和具体方法，即 个体将成为分析单位。 不过，除此之外，还有三 思考性别的规则属性（即性别 分化、性别传统、性别差异 评估）将被评估并与两个假设相关联 原因和后果。 这种综合方法对心理健康的影响 个人对性别的看法很棒。 例如，我们的 性别差异变量允许我们测试以下内容 问题：有些人认为男人和女人是极端的吗？ 不同的甚至是对立的群体？ 这样的想法是否有偏见 印象形成过程？