Biological crop protection: a new 'slow down/speed up' strategy for aphid management

生物作物保护：蚜虫管理的新“减速/加速”策略

• 批准号: BB/R021708/1
• 负责人: David Chandler
• 金额: $ 77.49万
• 依托单位: University of Warwick
• 依托单位国家: 英国
• 项目类别: Research Grant
• 财政年份: 2018
• 资助国家: 英国
• 起止时间: 2018 至 无数据
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://gtr.ukri.org/projects?ref=BB%2FR021708%2F1
• 关键词: Biological; crop; protection; new; slow

Aphids are important insect pests of a wide range of crop plants. For crops grown outdoors, including field vegetables and arable plants, the standard way of managing aphids has been to apply synthetic chemical insecticides. Originally these were very effective, but excessive use of pesticides has caused some key aphid pests to evolve resistance. At the same time, there are concerns about the environmental impact of pesticide use, which has led to many products being withdrawn from sale. Such as the neonicotinoids. This has left farmers with few workable options for controlling aphid pests which have now become a major threat to farm production. A sustainable form of aphid management that can be used by farmers is urgently needed. To make crop protection more sustainable and less prone to resistance, it is better not to over-rely on any one intervention. Diversification of tactics can be achieved through Integrated Pest Management (IPM), a way of controlling pests by combining different, complementary control agents in an environmentally sensitive way. These should principally be biological methods that include breeding pest resistant crop varieties, the use of natural enemies such as parasitic wasps, together with 'biopesticide' products based on beneficial microbes or natural products. These crop protection tools are safe for people and the environment and so they should provide a better form of crop protection. Chemical insecticides do have a role in IPM, but they are used only when necessary in order to reduce the chances of pests evolving resistance to them. Unfortunately, because farmers have been so reliant on chemical insecticides as the principle form of pest control, there is currently no effective IPM system in place yet for the majority of aphid pests in field crops. The development of IPM has been held back by a lack of new pest control agents and the knowledge about how they interact when used together. The project involves five interlinked pieces of work. (1) Data on gene expression from multiple brassica crop types is used to identify plant lines that have a high probability of showing resistance to aphids, and this will be confirmed in experiments with aphids feeding on plants in the laboratory. The gene expression data will allow genetic makers to be developed that can be used by seed companies in their plant breeding programmes. (2) The biological basis for plant resistance to aphids is determined using a series of laboratory and field experiments. (3) Research on fungal biopesticides is done to determine how their performance is affected by the environmental conditions in the field, and also to understand how crop plant resistance affects their efficacy against aphids. (4) Complementary research looks at how different types of brassica plant, with resistance to aphids, affect the function of parasitic wasps, which are important natural control agents of aphids on field crops. (5) The interaction of resistant crops, fungal biopesticides and parasitoids are studied in the field in an IPM system. The aim of this project is to develop the new knowledge and tools needed for an IPM system for aphid pests of field crops. The work centres on the peach potato aphid, Myzus persicae, which is a pest of a wide range of crops and has evolved resistance to many commonly used insecticides. The experiments involve vegetable brassicas and oilseed rape but the intention is to extend the system to other crops (sugar beet, potatoes) in future research. The research is based on a hypothesis that brassica plants with partial resistance that slows down aphid development makes the pest more susceptible to biological control agents and speeds up control with biopesticides and parasitic wasps. The project will benefit farmers and growers and others in the supply chain. The general public will benefit from improved food security and better care of the environment.

蚜虫是各种作物植物的重要害虫。对于在户外种植的农作物，包括田间蔬菜和耕种植物，管理蚜虫的标准方法是施用合成化学杀虫剂。最初，这些非常有效，但是过度使用农药已导致一些关键的蚜虫害虫发展抗性。同时，人们担心使用农药的环境影响，这导致许多产品被撤回销售。例如新烟碱。这使农民几乎没有可行的选择来控制蚜虫害虫，这已经成为农场生产的主要威胁。迫切需要一种可持续的蚜虫管理形式。为了使作物保护更具可持续性，更容易容易产生抵抗，最好不要在任何一种干预措施上过度融合。策略的多样化可以通过综合有害生物管理（IPM）来实现，这是一种通过以环境敏感的方式组合不同的互补控制剂来控制害虫的一种方式。这些主要是生物学方法，包括抗虫害作物品种，使用寄生黄蜂等天然敌人以及基于有益的微生物或天然产品的“生物农药”产品。这些农作物保护工具对人和环境都是安全的，因此它们应该提供更好的作物保护形式。化学杀虫剂确实在IPM中起作用，但是仅在必要时才使用它们，以减少害虫的机会不断发展的耐药性。不幸的是，由于农民非常依赖化学杀虫剂作为害虫控制的原理形式，因此目前尚无有效的IPM系统，而对于大多数田间作物中的蚜虫有害生物来说。由于缺乏新的害虫防治剂以及有关它们在一起使用时如何相互作用的知识，因此IPM的开发被阻止了。该项目涉及五个相互联系的工作。 （1）使用多种木制作物类型的基因表达数据来识别具有表现出对蚜虫抗性的较高可能性的植物线，这将在实验室中以植物为食的蚜虫实验中得到证实。基因表达数据将使种子公司可以在其工厂育种计划中使用遗传制造商。 （2）使用一系列实验室和现场实验确定植物对蚜虫的抗性生物学基础。 （3）进行真菌生物农药的研究是为了确定其性能如何受现场环境条件的影响，并了解农作物植物的耐药性如何影响其对蚜虫的功效。 （4）互补的研究探讨了不同类型的木制植物如何影响蚜虫的抗性，影响寄生黄蜂的功能，寄生虫是蚜虫在田间作物上的重要自然控制剂。 （5）在IPM系统中研究了抗性作物，真菌生物农药和寄生虫的相互作用。该项目的目的是开发IPM系统所需的新知识和工具，用于蚜虫的虫害。该工作集中在桃土豆蚜虫米苏·珀西卡（Myzus Persicae）上，该persicae是各种农作物的害虫，并进化了对许多常用杀虫剂的抗性。这些实验涉及蔬菜甘蓝和油料种子强奸，但目的是将系统扩展到未来研究中的其他农作物（甜菜，马铃薯）。这项研究基于一个假设，即具有部分耐药性的甘蓝植物减慢了蚜虫的发育，使害虫更容易受到生物控制剂的影响，并通过生物农药和寄生黄蜂加快控制速度。该项目将使农民和种植者以及供应链中的其他人受益。公众将受益于改善粮食安全和更好地照顾环境。

项目成果

Effects of cis-Jasmone Treatment of Brassicas on Interactions With Myzus persicae Aphids and Their Parasitoid Diaeretiella rapae.

• DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.711896
• 发表时间: 2021
• 期刊: Frontiers in plant science
• 影响因子: 5.6
• 作者: Ali J;Covaci AD;Roberts JM;Sobhy IS;Kirk WDJ;Bruce TJA
• 通讯作者: Bruce TJA