Biological crop protection: a new 'slow down/speed up' strategy for aphid management

生物作物保护：蚜虫管理的新“减速/加速”策略

• 批准号: BB/R021708/1
• 负责人: David Chandler
• 金额: $ 77.49万
• 依托单位: University of Warwick
• 依托单位国家: 英国
• 项目类别: Research Grant
• 财政年份: 2018
• 资助国家: 英国
• 起止时间: 2018 至 无数据
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://gtr.ukri.org/projects?ref=BB%2FR021708%2F1
• 关键词: Biological; crop; protection; new; slow

Aphids are important insect pests of a wide range of crop plants. For crops grown outdoors, including field vegetables and arable plants, the standard way of managing aphids has been to apply synthetic chemical insecticides. Originally these were very effective, but excessive use of pesticides has caused some key aphid pests to evolve resistance. At the same time, there are concerns about the environmental impact of pesticide use, which has led to many products being withdrawn from sale. Such as the neonicotinoids. This has left farmers with few workable options for controlling aphid pests which have now become a major threat to farm production. A sustainable form of aphid management that can be used by farmers is urgently needed. To make crop protection more sustainable and less prone to resistance, it is better not to over-rely on any one intervention. Diversification of tactics can be achieved through Integrated Pest Management (IPM), a way of controlling pests by combining different, complementary control agents in an environmentally sensitive way. These should principally be biological methods that include breeding pest resistant crop varieties, the use of natural enemies such as parasitic wasps, together with 'biopesticide' products based on beneficial microbes or natural products. These crop protection tools are safe for people and the environment and so they should provide a better form of crop protection. Chemical insecticides do have a role in IPM, but they are used only when necessary in order to reduce the chances of pests evolving resistance to them. Unfortunately, because farmers have been so reliant on chemical insecticides as the principle form of pest control, there is currently no effective IPM system in place yet for the majority of aphid pests in field crops. The development of IPM has been held back by a lack of new pest control agents and the knowledge about how they interact when used together. The project involves five interlinked pieces of work. (1) Data on gene expression from multiple brassica crop types is used to identify plant lines that have a high probability of showing resistance to aphids, and this will be confirmed in experiments with aphids feeding on plants in the laboratory. The gene expression data will allow genetic makers to be developed that can be used by seed companies in their plant breeding programmes. (2) The biological basis for plant resistance to aphids is determined using a series of laboratory and field experiments. (3) Research on fungal biopesticides is done to determine how their performance is affected by the environmental conditions in the field, and also to understand how crop plant resistance affects their efficacy against aphids. (4) Complementary research looks at how different types of brassica plant, with resistance to aphids, affect the function of parasitic wasps, which are important natural control agents of aphids on field crops. (5) The interaction of resistant crops, fungal biopesticides and parasitoids are studied in the field in an IPM system. The aim of this project is to develop the new knowledge and tools needed for an IPM system for aphid pests of field crops. The work centres on the peach potato aphid, Myzus persicae, which is a pest of a wide range of crops and has evolved resistance to many commonly used insecticides. The experiments involve vegetable brassicas and oilseed rape but the intention is to extend the system to other crops (sugar beet, potatoes) in future research. The research is based on a hypothesis that brassica plants with partial resistance that slows down aphid development makes the pest more susceptible to biological control agents and speeds up control with biopesticides and parasitic wasps. The project will benefit farmers and growers and others in the supply chain. The general public will benefit from improved food security and better care of the environment.

蚜虫是多种农作物的重要害虫。对于户外种植的作物，包括大田蔬菜和耕地植物，防治蚜虫的标准方法是使用合成化学杀虫剂。这些原本非常有效，但农药的过量使用导致一些主要的蚜虫害虫产生了抗药性。与此同时，人们担心农药使用对环境的影响，这导致许多产品被下架。比如新烟碱类药物。这使得农民几乎没有可行的选择来控制蚜虫害虫，而蚜虫害虫现已成为农业生产的主要威胁。迫切需要一种可供农民使用的可持续的蚜虫管理方式。为了使作物保护更加可持续且不易产生抗药性，最好不要过度依赖任何一种干预措施。策略的多样化可以通过害虫综合治理（IPM）来实现，这是一种通过以环境敏感的方式结合不同的、互补的控制剂来控制害虫的方法。这些主要应该是生物方法，包括培育抗害虫作物品种、使用寄生黄蜂等天敌，以及基于有益微生物或天然产品的“生物农药”产品。这些作物保护工具对人类和环境都是安全的，因此它们应该提供更好的作物保护形式。化学杀虫剂确实在病虫害综合防治中发挥作用，但仅在必要时使用，以减少害虫对其产生抗药性的机会。不幸的是，由于农民非常依赖化学杀虫剂作为害虫防治的主要形式，目前还没有针对大田作物中大多数蚜虫的有效 IPM 系统。由于缺乏新的害虫防治剂以及对它们一起使用时如何相互作用的了解，IPM 的发展受到了阻碍。该项目涉及五项相互关联的工作。 (1) 利用多种芸苔属作物类型的基因表达数据来鉴定对蚜虫具有高概率表现出抗性的植物品系，这将在实验室中以蚜虫为食的植物实验中得到证实。基因表达数据将允许开发种子公司在其植物育种计划中使用的基因制造商。 (2) 通过一系列实验室和田间实验确定植物抗蚜虫的生物学基础。 (3) 对真菌生物农药进行研究，以确定其性能如何受到田间环境条件的影响，并了解作物的抗性如何影响其对蚜虫的功效。 (4) 补充研究着眼于不同类型的抗蚜虫的芸苔属植物如何影响寄生黄蜂的功能，寄生蜂是大田作物上蚜虫的重要天然控制剂。 (5) 在 IPM 系统中实地研究抗性作物、真菌生物农药和拟寄生物之间的相互作用。该项目的目的是开发大田作物蚜虫 IPM 系统所需的新知识和工具。这项工作的重点是桃蚜（Myzus persicae），它是多种农作物的害虫，并且已经对许多常用杀虫剂产生了抗药性。这些实验涉及蔬菜芸苔和油菜，但目的是在未来的研究中将该系统扩展到其他作物（甜菜、土豆）。该研究基于这样一种假设，即具有部分抗性的芸苔属植物会减缓蚜虫的发育，使害虫更容易受到生物防治剂的影响，并加速生物农药和寄生黄蜂的控制。该项目将使农民和种植者以及供应链中的其他人受益。广大公众将受益于粮食安全的改善和环境的更好保护。

项目成果

Effects of cis-Jasmone Treatment of Brassicas on Interactions With Myzus persicae Aphids and Their Parasitoid Diaeretiella rapae.

• DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.711896
• 发表时间: 2021
• 期刊: Frontiers in plant science
• 影响因子: 5.6
• 作者: Ali J;Covaci AD;Roberts JM;Sobhy IS;Kirk WDJ;Bruce TJA
• 通讯作者: Bruce TJA