Does flavour-nutrient inconsistency compromise energy regulation in humans?

风味与营养的不一致是否会影响人类的能量调节？

基本信息

批准号：
BB/I012370/1
负责人：
Jeffrey Brunstrom
金额：
$ 53.09万
依托单位：
University of Bristol
依托单位国家：
英国
项目类别：
Research Grant
财政年份：
2012
资助国家：
英国
起止时间：
2012 至无数据
项目状态：
已结题

来源：
https://gtr.ukri.org/projects?ref=BB%2FI012370%2F1
关键词：
Does flavour nutrient inconsistency compromise

项目摘要

The modern invention of processed foods has fundamentally changed our food environment. Retailers now stock an extremely wide range of foods. Even single types of food (e.g., pizza) are now available in numerous varieties that differ in size and the number of calories that they contain. For example, our data show that the number of calories in fish pie 'ready meals' can vary by up to 450% in the UK. In animals, this kind of 'variability' promotes overeating and an increase in body weight. For the first time, this project will explore whether this also happens in humans. There are two ways in which variability in our food environment might increase the number of calories that we consume. These are summarised below. In PHASE 1 we will look at our capacity to 'compensate' for calories in food. When we consume one meal shortly after another then good compensation occurs when the size of the first meal controls the size of the second meal (i.e., a larger first meal causes people to consume a smaller second meal). In animals, poor compensation has been linked to a degraded 'cephalic-phase response.' This anticipatory response governs appetite and represents a series of physiological changes (e.g., salivation and insulin release) that prepare the body for the consumption and digestion of food. Critically, merely looking at or smelling a food is sufficient to elicit a response that is proportional to the calories contained in a food. This shows that learning is involved and that responses are based on previous encounters with individual foods. In this phase we will determine whether the cephalic-phase response is reduced in highly variable foods and whether this promotes poor compensation leading to overconsumption. Cephalic-phase responses will be measured in a number of ways. In particular, we will develop a new method based on changes in skin temperature near to the liver. Previously, researchers have found that this 'thermogenic response' is particularly sensitive to different foods. In this interdisciplinary project we will work with an expert in sensor technology to develop this sensitivity still further. In PHASE 2 we will explore the idea that variability in our food environment makes it more difficult for us to predict the extent to which a particular food will stave off hunger. In 2002 a Nobel Prize was awarded for advances in the field of behavioural economics. This work shows that uncertainty tends to generate cautious and conservative responses and has been used extensively to predict animal behaviour and a range of decisions relating to gambling, financial trading, and risk taking. We find it surprising that 'prospect theory' has not been applied to understand dietary behaviour in humans. For the first time, we will draw on these principles to test the idea that our variable food environment causes uncertainty about the effects of consuming a food, which creates confusion and a concern that hunger might be experienced after it has been consumed. In response to this uncertainty we make conservative dietary decisions and select and then consume larger portions of food. In summary, this project will address important questions relating to variability in our dietary environment. Previously, this issue has been largely overlooked. Nevertheless, research in animals would suggest that variability has the potential to play an important role in promoting overeating and obesity. The beneficiaries of this project are wide ranging. For individual consumers, this might involve increased public awareness of the effects of variable foods. For children, guidelines and/or legislation might be introduced to limit exposure to highly variable foods. For obese individuals, interventions might be possible that re-train sensitivity to the calories contained in specific foods. As such, this work has considerable potential to impact a number of groups, including; health professionals, policy makers, educators, and the wider public.

加工食品的现代发明从根本上改变了我们的食品环境。零售商现在库存的食品种类极其广泛。即使是单一类型的食物（例如披萨）现在也有多种不同的尺寸和所含热量的品种。例如，我们的数据显示，在英国，鱼馅饼“即食食品”中的卡路里含量可能相差高达 450%。在动物中，这种“变异性”会导致暴饮暴食和体重增加。该项目将首次探讨这种情况是否也会发生在人类身上。我们的食物环境的变化可能会通过两种方式增加我们消耗的卡路里数量。这些总结如下。在第一阶段，我们将研究“补偿”食物中卡路里的能力。当我们吃一顿饭后不久又吃另一顿饭时，当第一顿饭的份量控制第二顿饭的份量时，就会产生良好的补偿（即，第一顿饭吃得较多，第二顿饭吃得较少）。在动物中，代偿不良与“头相反应”退化有关。这种预期反应控制食欲并代表一系列生理变化（例如流涎和胰岛素释放），使身体为消耗和消化食物做好准备。至关重要的是，仅仅看或闻食物就足以引起与食物中所含卡路里成比例的反应。这表明涉及学习，并且反应是基于以前遇到的个别食物。在此阶段，我们将确定高度可变的食物是否会降低头相反应，以及这是否会导致不良补偿，从而导致过度消费。头相反应可以通过多种方式测量。特别是，我们将开发一种基于肝脏附近皮肤温度变化的新方法。此前，研究人员发现这种“生热反应”对不同的食物特别敏感。在这个跨学科项目中，我们将与传感器技术专家合作，进一步开发这种灵敏度。在第二阶段，我们将探讨这样一个想法：食物环境的变化使我们更难以预测特定食物在多大程度上可以缓解饥饿。 2002年，诺贝尔奖因行为经济学领域的进步而被授予。这项工作表明，不确定性往往会产生谨慎和保守的反应，并已被广泛用于预测动物行为以及与赌博、金融交易和冒险相关的一系列决策。我们感到惊讶的是，“前景理论”尚未应用于理解人类的饮食行为。我们将第一次利用这些原则来测试这样一个想法，即我们可变的食物环境导致食用食物效果的不确定性，这会造成混乱，并担心食用食物后可能会感到饥饿。为了应对这种不确定性，我们做出保守的饮食决定，选择并消耗更多的食物。总之，该项目将解决与我们饮食环境变化相关的重要问题。此前，这个问题在很大程度上被忽视了。然而，对动物的研究表明，变异有可能在促进暴饮暴食和肥胖方面发挥重要作用。该项目的受益者范围广泛。对于个人消费者来说，这可能涉及提高公众对不同食品影响的认识。对于儿童，可能会引入指南和/或立法来限制接触高度可变的食物。对于肥胖者，可能可以采取干预措施来重新训练对特定食物中所含热量的敏感性。因此，这项工作有很大的潜力影响许多群体，包括：卫生专业人员、政策制定者、教育工作者和广大公众。