Sustainability and subsistence systems in a changing Sudan

不断变化的苏丹的可持续性和生存系统

• 批准号: AH/K006193/1
• 负责人: Philippa Ryan
• 金额: $ 25.2万
• 依托单位: British Museum
• 依托单位国家: 英国
• 项目类别: Research Grant
• 财政年份: 2013
• 资助国家: 英国
• 起止时间: 2013 至 无数据
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://gtr.ukri.org/projects?ref=AH%2FK006193%2F1
• 关键词: Sustainability; subsistence; systems; changing; Sudan

This research seeks a better understanding of the interaction between people and the Nile Valley ecosystem in northern Sudan, and how present-day and ancient peoples have found solutions for coping with a risky environment. Massive technological shifts are dramatically altering modes of food production and bringing about new environmental challenges. Recent years have seen relocation of populations from islands, colonisation of new areas of the Nile valley and implementation of new agricultural technologies. This study will create a long-term perspective of adaptive solutions and how these are relevant to the future. This will be achieved through case studies of agricultural and plant exploitation practices from ancient and present day Nile island settlements, set within the context of a temporal overview of subsistence systems from the archaeological record.Traditionally, islands have been important locations of settlement since there are fewer areas of wide floodplain suited to traditional agriculture (in comparison with Egypt). Amara West will provide an archaeological case study for exploring how subsistence systems in an ancient town were impacted by aridity. Once situated on an island, sediment studies show a subsidiary channel dried up towards the end of the 2nd millennium BC exposing the town to windblown sand (prompting architectural amendments) and reducing agricultural land. Analysis of archaeobotanical remains recovered from well preserved architecture and features such as ovens and grinding emplacements will allow chrono-stratigraphic assessment of subsistence change in relation to the onset of localised aridity. Car and electricity-free Ernetta, a Nile island 5km upstream, will provide a base-line to study present-day traditional Nubian foodways and exploitation of natural local resources. Findings will be contrasted with river bank settlements subject to greater development, in terms of agricultural technology, modern materials used for house building, and access to new road networks and imports. Contemporary subsistence data and that from Amara will be placed in a broader temporal overview to create a new perspective on agricultural risk management strategies and adaptive solutions, predominantly via review of subsistence related literature. Research will examine: Can archaeological evidence inform decisions and advice being given to develop sustainable farming practices in the present and future?Can comparisons of ancient and present-day traditional Nubian agricultural and plant exploitation practices inform us about risk management and sustainable strategies?Were agricultural practices and access to other natural resources effected by environmental change (including climate) in the distant and recent past? How are changing foodways and resource exploitation patterns connected with population dynamics, and import patterns?Research will record and promote local knowledge of sustainable resource exploitation as relevant to future natural resources management. A report will be authored (and translated into Arabic) for organisations and bodies related to sustainable livelihoods and agriculture. Research will be disseminated via conferences within and outside of academia, through peer-review papers with multi-disciplinary academic audiences, and to the wider general public, school children and academic audiences via the British Museum. British Museum outputs will include print and web media, and the development of new Key Stage 2 teacher resources. Research will support the British Museum's, and other UK government agencies', on-going work and training and cultural relations in the Arab Republic of Sudan, but will also position the Museum and University sector, with its understanding of human settlement patterns and subsistence strategies across a long timeframe, as a key stakeholder in the shaping for future strategies.

这项研究旨在更好地了解苏丹北部人类与尼罗河谷生态系统之间的相互作用，以及现代和古代人们如何找到应对危险环境的解决方案。大规模的技术变革正在极大地改变粮食生产方式，并带来新的环境挑战。近年来，人们从岛屿上迁移、尼罗河谷新地区的殖民化以及新农业技术的实施。这项研究将为适应性解决方案以及这些解决方案与未来的关系建立一个长期的视角。这将通过对古代和现代尼罗岛定居点的农业和植物开发实践进行案例研究来实现，这些实践是在考古记录中对生存系统的时间概述的背景下进行的。传统上，岛屿一直是重要的定居点，因为有适合传统农业的广阔洪泛区区域较少（与埃及相比）。阿马拉·韦斯特将提供考古案例研究，探讨干旱如何影响古镇的生存系统。沉积物研究表明，曾经位于岛屿上的一条辅助河道在公元前 2 世纪末干涸，使城镇暴露在风吹沙中（促使建筑改造）并减少农业用地。对从保存完好的建筑和特征（如烤箱和研磨场所）中回收的考古植物遗骸进行分析，将有助于对与局部干旱开始相关的生存变化进行年代地层评估。埃内塔 (Ernetta) 是尼罗河上游 5 公里处的一座没有汽车和电力的岛屿，它将为研究当今传统的努比亚饮食方式和当地自然资源的开发提供基线。调查结果将与在农业技术、用于房屋建筑的现代材料以及新道路网络和进口的使用方面需要更大发展的河岸定居点进行对比。当代的生存数据和来自阿马拉的数据将被置于更广泛的时间概览中，主要通过回顾生存相关文献，为农业风险管理策略和适应性解决方案创造新的视角。研究将探讨：考古证据能否为当前和未来发展可持续农业实践的决策和建议提供信息？古代和现代传统努比亚农业和植物开发实践的比较能否为我们提供风险管理和可持续战略方面的信息？远古和近代环境变化（包括气候）影响的做法和获取其他自然资源的情况？不断变化的饮食方式和资源开发模式如何与人口动态和进口模式相关？研究将记录和推广与未来自然资源管理相关的可持续资源开发当地知识。将为与可持续生计和农业相关的组织和机构撰写一份报告（并翻译成阿拉伯语）。研究成果将通过学术界内外的会议、多学科学术受众的同行评审论文进行传播，并通过大英博物馆向更广泛的公众、学童和学术受众传播。大英博物馆的产出将包括印刷和网络媒体，以及新的第二阶段教师资源的开发。研究将支持大英博物馆和其他英国政府机构在阿拉伯苏丹共和国正在进行的工作、培训和文化关系，同时也将凭借对人类住区模式和生存策略的了解，为博物馆和大学部门定位在很长一段时间内，作为制定未来战略的关键利益相关者。

项目成果

Sustainability and subsistence systems in northern Sudan: ethnobotanical and archaeobotanical approaches

苏丹北部的可持续性和生存系统：民族植物学和考古植物学方法

• 发表时间: 2016
• 作者: Ryan P

Nubia past and present, agriculture crops and food (Arabic version)

努比亚的过去和现在，农作物和食物（阿拉伯语版本）

• 发表时间: 2018
• 作者: Ryan P

Nubian Agricultural Practices, Crops and Foods: Changes in Living Memory on Ernetta Island, Northern Sudan

努比亚农业实践、农作物和食品：苏丹北部埃尔内塔岛生活记忆的变化

• DOI: http://dx.10.17863/cam.89350
• 发表时间: 2022
• 作者: Ryan P

Plant exploitation in Neolithic Sudan: A review in the light of new data from the cemeteries R12 and Ghaba

新石器时代苏丹的植物开发：根据 R12 和 Ghaba 墓地的新数据进行回顾

• DOI: http://dx.10.1016/j.quaint.2015.12.066
• 发表时间: 2016
• 期刊: Quaternary International
• 影响因子: 2.2
• 作者: Out W

Nubian Agricultural Practices, Crops and Foods: Changes in Living Memory on Ernetta Island, Northern Sudan

努比亚农业实践、农作物和食品：苏丹北部埃尔内塔岛生活记忆的变化

• DOI: http://dx.10.1007/s12231-022-09545-8
• 发表时间: 2022
• 期刊: Economic Botany
• 影响因子: 2.6
• 作者: Ryan P