From Thebes to Mycenae: exploring divergent vitreous industries in Mycenaean Greece

从底比斯到迈锡尼：探索希腊迈锡尼的不同玻璃工业

• 批准号: AH/J008133/1
• 负责人: Kalliopi Nikita
• 金额: $ 8.28万
• 依托单位: University of Nottingham
• 依托单位国家: 英国
• 项目类别: Fellowship
• 财政年份: 2012
• 资助国家: 英国
• 起止时间: 2012 至 无数据
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://gtr.ukri.org/projects?ref=AH%2FJ008133%2F1
• 关键词: Thebes; Mycenae; exploring; divergent; vitreous

The proposed project is an interdisciplinary investigation of glass and allied vitreous materials in the Mycenaean World, c. 1600-1050 BC. By focusing on the vitreous industries at the palaces of Mycenae and Thebes this study principally aims to provide models for the structure and operation of the vitreous industries and compare technological and economic aspects of their production. The technological origins and evolution of glass as an independent material in the Old World are only vaguely known. The mid-second millennium BC sees the appearance of fully-fledged glass industries in the Middle East and Egypt, which has always been associated with the making of glass vessels due to their large scale production. Nevertheless, the Mycenaean glass industry is set apart from its contemporary glass-producing centres due to the almost exclusive manufacture of glass ornaments. Mycenaean glass is mainly found in dark blue and turquoise colour and its forms fall into the iconographic repertoire of the typical Mycenaean jewellery.Despite evidence of interaction amongst crafts and industries through diverse cultural encounters, the archaeological and to an extent, analytical evidence, has demonstrated an independent operation of glass industries. To date there is little understanding as to whether the Mycenaean glass industry involved primary production. To help answer this question, scientific analyses of glass from the Palaces of Mycenae and Thebes will be used to explore the evolutionary stages of Mycenaean glass technology. To allow further comparison the acropolis of Midea in the vicinity of Mycenae and sites in the northern periphery of the Mycenaean dominion, Phokis and Lokris, the Ionian islands, and Cyprus in the far east of the Mycenaean World will also be included. These regions have been selected due to the abundance and diversity of vitreous objects and their involvement in a dynamic trade of goods in the Late Bronze Age.Chemical and microstructural characterisation in conjunction with targeted trace element analysis will be used as a means of characterising raw materials of the widest collection of well-dated glass artefacts across the Mycenaean World. By identifying trace element discriminants in glass raw materials, and linking these to their geological sources, the degree of independence of vitreous industries can be identified. Procurement of raw materials, raw glass, finished glass objects will be examined within the trade networks of vitreous industries in the Near East, Mediterranean and Europe. By tracing the broader cultural contacts amongst Mycenaean palatial states and urban centres in the Aegean, the degree of independence of the Mycenaean glass industry will be defined. This will further elucidate the puzzling infrequence of Mycenaean glass in sites of the Mycenaean periphery or outside the Mycenaean dominion. In addition, patterns of glass exchange will be illustrated, technology transfer and the extent of industrial interaction amongst glass-producing centres will be highlighted and ultimately, an outline of possible monopolies in glass production and circulation will be provided within the economic and administration systems of Mediterranean and Europe in the Late Bronze Age. This powerful methodology can delineate specific technological characteristics of concurrent vitreous industries and thus define clear-cut production zones. The research will discriminate amongst industries with similar technological traditions but with divergent practices arising from local environments, diverse cultural contexts, functional needs, ideas and beliefs. Given the absence of securely defined remains of glass workshops in the Old World the research is of crucial significance in Mycenaean and prehistoric studies as well as in ancient glass studies.

拟议的项目是对Myceneean世界中玻璃和相关玻璃材料的跨学科研究。公元前1600年至1050年通过专注于Mycenae和Thebes宫殿的玻璃产业，这项研究主要旨在为玻璃体行业的结构和运营提供模型，并比较其生产的技术和经济方面。玻璃作为旧世界中独立材料的技术起源和演变仅隐约被众所周知。公元前千年中期，中东和埃及的玻璃工业的出现始终与玻璃容器的大规模生产有关。然而，由于玻璃装饰品的独家制造，迈锡尼玻璃行业与当代产生的玻璃制作中心不同。 Mycenean玻璃主要以深蓝色和绿松石色找到，其形式属于典型的Mycenaean珠宝的肖像画曲目。尽管有多种文化相互接触的工艺和行业之间的互动证据，但在某种程度上，分析证据表明，玻璃行业的独立运营。迄今为止，关于迈锡尼玻璃行业是否涉及初级生产，几乎没有了解。为了帮助回答这个问题，将使用Mycenae和Thebes宫殿的玻璃进行科学分析来探索Mycenaean Glass技术的进化阶段。为了进一步比较，在迈锡尼（Mycenae）附近的Midea的雅典座和迈锡尼（Mycenaean Dominion）北部外围的地点，phokis和Lokris，爱奥尼亚群岛和塞浦路斯的北部地区也将包括在迈锡尼世界远东地区。由于玻璃体物体的丰度和多样性及其在青铜时代晚期的动态贸易中的参与而选择了这些区域。与靶向痕量元素分析结合的化学和微结构表征将用作表征原材料的手段在整个Mycenaean世界中，最广泛的玻璃艺术品收藏最广。通过识别玻璃原材料中的痕量元素判别，并将其与其地质来源联系起来，可以确定玻璃体行业的独立性。将在近东，地中海和欧洲的玻璃工业贸易网络中检查原材料，生玻璃，成品玻璃物体。通过追踪迈锡尼富豪国家和爱琴海城市中心之间更广泛的文化接触，将定义迈锡尼玻璃行业的独立性。这将进一步阐明在迈锡尼外围或迈锡尼统治外的迈锡尼玻璃的困惑。此外，将说明玻璃交换的模式，技术转移以及产生玻璃制作中心之间的工业互动程度将得到强调，最终将在玻璃生产和流通的概述中提供在经济和管理系统中的概述。在青铜时代晚期的地中海和欧洲。这种强大的方法可以描绘并发玻璃体行业的特定技术特征，从而定义清晰生产区。这项研究将在具有类似技术传统的行业之间区分，但源于当地环境，各种文化背景，功能需求，思想和信念的不同实践。鉴于旧世界中没有安全定义的玻璃研讨会遗体，因此在迈锡尼和史前研究以及古代玻璃研究中，研究至关重要。

项目成果

Plant-ash glass technology in the Palace of Mycenaean Thebes: tradition, innovation and exchange

迈锡尼底比斯王宫的植物灰玻璃技术：传统、创新与交流

• 作者: Nikita, K.

Glass jewellery workshops in Mycenaean Greece: identification, structure and operation

希腊迈锡尼的玻璃珠宝作坊：识别、结构和运营

• 作者: Nikita, K.

Glass and vitreous materials in Mycenaean burial practices: the archaeological study of Attica. British Archaeological Reports. Hadrian Books

迈锡尼埋葬实践中的玻璃和玻璃质材料：阿提卡的考古研究。

• 发表时间: 2018
• 作者: Nikita, K.

Mixed-alkali glass beads from Elateia-Alonaki: tracing the routes of an alien glass technology in the periphery of post-palatial Mycenaean Greece

来自埃拉蒂亚-阿洛纳基的混合碱玻璃珠：追踪后宫殿迈锡尼希腊周边地区的外星玻璃技术路线

• 发表时间: 2017
• 作者: Nikita, K.

Appraising the manufacturing capacity of the Mycenaean glass industry through the production of blue glass

通过蓝色玻璃的生产评估迈锡尼玻璃工业的制造能力

• 作者: Nikita, K.