Can the Earned Income Tax Credit Reduce Disparities in Intergenerational Health Mobility?

所得税抵免能否减少代际健康流动性的差异？

• 批准号: 10509713
• 负责人: Katie Jajtner Gottfredsen
• 金额: $ 7.11万
• 依托单位: UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN-MADISON
• 依托单位国家: 美国
• 财政年份: 2022
• 资助国家: 美国
• 起止时间: 2022-09-15 至 2024-06-30
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://reporter.nih.gov/project-details/10509713
• 关键词: Address; Adolescent; Adult; Affect; Age; American; Attention; Birth; Characteristics; Child; Child Health; Child Welfare; Childhood; Costs and Benefits; Disadvantaged; Economics; Education; Eligibility Determination; Employment; Ethnic Origin; Ethnic group; Family; Generations; Genetic; Health; Health Insurance; Health Status; Heterogeneity; Household; Human Development; Income; Income Tax; Individual; Intervention; Knowledge; Literature; Marital Status; Measures; Mission; Modeling; National Institute of Child Health and Human Development; Number of Children in Household; Outcome; Parents; Pathway interactions; Patient Self-Report; Pattern; Plant Roots; Policies; Poverty; Public Policy; Race; Research; Role; Shapes; Societies; Socioeconomic Status; Solid; Structure; Time; United States; Variant; Vision; base; design; disparity reduction; early childhood; health disparity; health equality; health equity; health inequalities; high school; improved; insight; intergenerational; lens; low socioeconomic status; non-genetic; panel study of income dynamics; programs; racial and ethnic; residence; sex; social; socioeconomics

This project will provide the first estimates of whether, and to what degree, public policy can meaningfully disrupt the persistence of poor health and health disparities across generations. We focus attention on the effect of the Earned Income Tax Credit (EITC) on intergenerational health mobility as the EITC is one of the largest and possibly most effective anti-poverty programs in the United States (US). Intergenerational mobility essentially measures equality of opportunity – a vision embraced by many Americans – by quantifying the expected welfare of children relative to their parents. Equality of opportunity would posit that children’s outcomes ought not be shaped by their parent’s characteristics. On the contrary, children would have the opportunity to shape their own destiny unencumbered by the circumstances of their parents. In the US, research identifies intergenerational persistence (the converse of mobility) in health and socioeconomic status that varies by race/ethnicity and place – a clear departure from the ideal of equal opportunities. Health could be a unique characteristic subjected to clear genetic influences that would naturally persist across generations; however, research clearly identifies non-genetic components in intergenerational health persistence that opens the door to public policy feasibly ameliorating health opportunity. Because the EITC’s impacts and/or intergenerational health mobility is patterned by marital status, sex, and race/ethnicity, we also examine whether the EITC disproportionately affects health mobility for disadvantaged groups and investigate optimal timing of benefit receipt in childhood. Using more than 11,000 parent-child pairs in the Panel Study of Income Dynamics, we estimate the effect of the EITC on three established measures of intergenerational health mobility: intergenerational persistence, upward, and downward health mobility (i.e., the expected health of children whose parents are in relatively poor or good health, respectively). We distinguish our study from the often-descriptive intergenerational mobility literature by employing a plausibly exogenous identification strategy to determine the effect of EITC on health mobility. Eligibility for the EITC is based on the number of dependent children in the household. Benefit generosity and eligibility however is, and has been, actively changing at the federal- and state-level since its inception in 1975. It is this variation that we leverage (the number of children in the household, state of residence, and time) to produce estimates of the EITC’s effect on health mobility. Due to the endogeneity of eligibility and take-up at the individual level, we assign each child the maximum EITC benefit afforded to children in their household type regardless of actual or observed EITC receipt, health, or income. Estimates are therefore reflective of the intent to treat. Results could provide actionable pathways for federal and state policymakers evaluating EITC costs and benefits to effectively reduce inequities in opportunity.

该项目将提供第一个估计，即公共政策是否可以以及在何种程度上可以 有意义地破坏了几代人的健康和健康差异的持续性。我们 将注意力集中在赚取的所得税信用（EITC）对代际健康流动性的影响上 EITC是美国（美国）最大，可能是最有效的反贫困计划之一。 代际流动性基本上衡量了机会平等 - 许多人所接受的愿景 美国人 - 通过量化儿童相对于父母的预期福利。机会平等 可以指出，孩子的结果不应受父母的特征的影响。与之相比 孩子们将有机会塑造自己的命运 父母。在美国，研究确定了卫生中的代际持久性（流动性）和 社会经济地位随种族/种族和地点而变化 - 与平等理想明显不同 机会。健康可能是受到清晰遗传影响的独特特征，自然而然 跨几代人持续存在；但是，研究清楚地确定了代际的非遗传成分 健康的持久性为公共政策打开了大门，可以缓解健康机会。因为 EITC的影响和/或代际健康流动性是由婚姻状况，性别和种族/种族的模式化的， 我们还检查了EITC是否不成比例地影响灾难团体的健康流动性和 调查儿童期收益收据的最佳时机。 在收入动态的小组研究中，使用11,000多对亲子对，我们估计 EITC采用三个既定的代际健康流动性的衡量标准：代际持久性， 向上和向下的健康流动性（即，父母相对的孩子的预期健康 分别差或身体状况良好）。我们将研究与经常描述的代际分歧 通过采用合理的外源识别策略来确定行动性文献 关于健康流动性的EITC。 EITC的资格基于家庭中受抚养子女的数量。 然而，福利慷慨和资格已经并且一直在联邦和州级积极变化 自1975年成立以来。我们利用这种差异（家庭中的儿童人数，状态 居住和时间）可以估算EITC对健康流动性的影响。由于内生性 资格和在个人层面上，我们为每个孩子分配了最大的EITC福利 不论实际或观察到的EITC收据，健康或收入如何，其家庭类型的儿童。估计 因此，反映了治疗意图。结果可以为联邦和州提供可行的途径 评估EITC成本和收益以有效减少机会不平等的政策制定者。