The Image of the Jew in American Literature-Its Ambivalence Deciphered

美国文学中的犹太人形象——解读其矛盾心理

• 批准号: 06610447
• 负责人: KOHNO Tetsu
• 金额: $ 1.09万
• 依托单位: HOSEI UNIVERSITY
• 依托单位国家: 日本
• 项目类别: Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (C)
• 财政年份: 1994
• 资助国家: 日本
• 起止时间: 1994 至 1996
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://kaken.nii.ac.jp/grant/KAKENHI-PROJECT-06610447/
• 关键词: Mythical Jew; Jew as a neighbor; Antisemitism; N.Hawthorn; Henry Adams; Henry James; Mark Twain; Willa Cather; 新移民; 北方民族優越論; 紋切り型; アングロサクソン中華思想; フランク・ノリス; イ-ディス・ウォートン; 神話的ユダヤ人像; 隣人としてのユダヤ人像; 反ユダヤと親ユダヤのアンビヴァレンス; 南欧・中欧・東欧ユダヤ移民の歴史; グラント将軍の一

The image of the Jew evoked by non-Jewish American writers has oscillated between "the mythical Jew" and "the Jew as a neighbor." The purpose of this study is to trace this ambivalent attitude historically and psychologically. An in-depth analysis from this viewpoint was attempted of such 19th-century poets as Longfellow and Whittier through Hawthorn up to such early 20th-century writers as Henry Adams, Henry James, Mark Twain and Willa Cather. Following are several interim findings :(1) While the tolerant perception of the Jew displayd by Longfellow and Whittier is very impressive, both had their Christian bias reflected in their lines dealing with Jewish or Judaic matters. For instance, the former showed no interest in his contemporary Jews, and the latter infused fervent Christian spirit into his interpretation of the Talmud.(2) An outpouring of violent antisemitic hatred was evident in Hawthorn's English Notebooks, and this animosity found an echo in his fourth major novel the Marb … More le Faun. He utilized the legend of the wandering Jew, but simply represented its cynical aspect as evil incarnated.(3) Facing a crisis of imminent collapse which was brewing in the alienridden American society around the turn of the century, Henry Adams imputed the disintegration of the cherished tradition to the conspiring managerial and financial Jews. His antisemitism was based on the sense of frustration as an unsuccessful heir to the Adams, and also on the despair of ever realizing an ideal of Catholic-centered cultural unity.(4) If Henry Adams and Ezra Pound could be paired as inveterate antisemites, Henry James and T.S.Eliot could be coupled owing to their derisive innuendoes about the Jew which may have been necessitated as a creative technique or may have revealed their own idee fixe.(5) During the process of examining Jewish-related works of Mark twain and Willa Cather as well as the above-mentioned authors, a hard problem was recognized : to which point was the anti-Jewishness of each writer individual, and from where was it collective? Further researches are in order. Less

非犹太裔美国作家所唤起的犹太人形象在“神话中的犹太人”和“作为邻居的犹太人”之间摇摆不定，本研究的目的就是从历史和心理上对这种矛盾的态度进行深入分析。这种尝试的观点涵盖了朗费罗和惠蒂尔等 19 世纪诗人、霍索恩以及亨利·亚当斯、亨利·詹姆斯、马克·吐温和威拉·凯瑟等 20 世纪早期作家。以下是一些临时发现：（1）虽然朗费罗和惠蒂尔对犹太人表现出的宽容态度令人印象深刻，但他们在处理犹太教或犹太教事务时都反映出了他们的基督教偏见，例如，前者对犹太教问题不感兴趣。他的当代犹太人，后者将狂热的基督教精神注入到他对《塔木德》的解释中。（2）在霍索恩的英语笔记本中，暴力的反犹太仇恨的流露是显而易见的，这种仇恨在他的《塔木德》中找到了回响。他的第四部重要小说《牧神》利用了流浪犹太人的传说，但只是将其愤世嫉俗的一面简单地表现为邪恶的化身。(3) 面临着一场即将崩溃的危机，这场危机在世纪之交的外星人横行的美国社会中正在酝酿。在这个世纪，亨利·亚当斯将这一珍贵传统的瓦解归咎于密谋的管理和金融犹太人，他的反犹太主义是基于作为亚当家族不成功的继承人的挫败感，也是基于对永远的绝望。 (4) 如果亨利·亚当斯和埃兹拉·庞德可以被视为根深蒂固的反犹太主义者，那么亨利·詹姆斯和T.S.艾略特则可以与他们对犹太人的嘲讽暗示结合起来，这可能是一种创造性技巧所必需的(5)在考察马克·吐温、威拉·凯瑟的犹太相关作品以及上述作者们认识到一个难题：每个作家个人的反犹太主义到什么程度，又从何而来？需要进一步的研究。

项目成果

河野徹: "アメリカ文学にみるユダヤ人像(その1)" 法政大学教養部紀要. 第92号. 29-62 (1995)

河野彻：“美国文学中的犹太人形象（第1部分）”法政大学文学院通报第92号。29-62（1995年）。

David S.Wyman Tetsu Kohno ed.,: "THE WORLD REACTS TO THE HOLOCAUST,(Japan after the Holocaust)" The Johns Hopkins University Press, 981(573-595) (1996)

David S.Wyman Tetsu Kohno 编辑，：“世界对大屠杀的反应，（大屠杀后的日本）”约翰霍普金斯大学出版社，981(573-595) (1996)

河野 徹: "アメリカ文学にみるユダヤ人像(その1)" 法政大学教養学部紀要. 第92号. 29-62 (1995)

河野彻：“美国文学中的犹太人形象（第1部分）”法政大学文理学院通报第92. 29-62（1995）。

KOHNO,Tetsu: "The Image of the Jew in American Literature (Part 2)" Bulletin of the Faculty of Liberal Arts, Hosei University. No.99. 89-122 (1997)

小野哲：《美国文学中的犹太人形象（第二部分）》法政大学文学院通报。

KOHNO,Tetsu: "The Image of the Jew in American Literature (Part 1)" Bulletin of the Faculty of Liberal Arts, Hosei University. No.92. 29-62 (1995)

小野哲：《美国文学中的犹太人形象（第1部分）》法政大学文学院通报。