Using an eco-evolutionary framework to study Cenozoic (66 Ma - present) mammal responses to abiotic and biotic perturbation

使用生态进化框架研究新生代（66 Ma - 现在）哺乳动物对非生物和生物扰动的反应

• 批准号: RGPIN-2018-05305
• 负责人: Fraser, Danielle
• 金额: $ 1.88万
• 依托单位: Carleton University
• 依托单位国家: 加拿大
• 项目类别: Discovery Grants Program - Individual
• 财政年份: 2019
• 资助国家: 加拿大
• 起止时间: 2019-01-01 至 2020-12-31
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://www.nserc-crsng.gc.ca/ase-oro/Details-Detailles_eng.asp?id=681334
• 关键词: Using; eco; evolutionary; framework; study

This proposal aims to use the modern and fossil record of Western Hemisphere mammals to understand the conditions that have led to the emergence of modern communities, how various drivers have contributed to the evolution of mammal communities, and to develop a baseline for mammal response to biotic and abiotic perturbation. ******A species' niche or function in an ecological community is an important determinant of where they live, the species with which they interact, their evolutionary “life spans” (i.e., time from origination to extinction), and rates and patterns of speciation and extinction (i.e., whether a species may go extinct or give rise to new species). In my lab, we develop new methods for inferring niches and employ existing methods to explain how niches have shaped the diversity of past and present mammal groups. We then use niche information to understand how modern mammal communities formed and have shaped mammal responses to global change.******We will specifically address the role of niche differences in determining the success of Carnivora (cats, dogs, bears, and their relatives) over extinct carnivorous mammals (Creodonts). We will thus answer “what evolutionary conditions led to modern carnivorous mammal assemblages?” and determine the role of creodont niches in their extinction susceptibility.******Changes in niche axes are important means by which species respond to perturbation. We will develop antler, a hard tissue with similar composition as bone, as ecological indicators using stable isotopes of carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen. Antlers are shed every year and may therefore provide a high-resolution record of niche axis change in deer and their relatives. We will then use caribou antlers to understand how caribou niches have changed from the late Quaternary to modern using collections at the Canadian Museum of Nature.******Classical niche theory predicts that the ways in which species are packed into niche space reflect community assembly mechanisms. Recent studies suggest historical factors are more important than proximate factors in structuring mammal communities. We will develop a new combined fossil and extant mammal dated phylogeny for Western Hemisphere mammals, which will feed studies of phylogenetic and functional diversity change in both present and past mammal faunas. We will specifically use phylogenetic methods to test how species exchange (i.e., dispersal or biotic interchange) and evolutionary mode (i.e., stabilizing selection, Brownian Motion) have contributed to differences in the phylogenetic and functional structure of Western Hemisphere tropical and temperate mammal assemblages in the past and present. ******Generating useful predictions for the outcome of global change requires the integration of modern observation, forecasting, and fossil data. Our work generates predictions for the impact of global change that directly addresses the role of extinction and evolution.

该提案旨在利用西半球哺乳动物的现代和化石记录来了解导致现代群落出现的条件，各种驱动因素如何促进哺乳动物群落的进化，并为哺乳动物对生物的反应制定基线******一个物种在生态群落中的生态位或功能是其生活地点、与之相互作用的物种、其进化“寿命”（即从起源到灭绝的时间）的重要决定因素。 ），以及比率和模式物种形成和灭绝（即一个物种是否可能灭绝或产生新物种）在我的实验室中，我们开发了推断生态位的新方法，并利用现有方法来解释生态位如何塑造过去和现在的哺乳动物群体的多样性。然后，我们利用生态位信息来了解现代哺乳动物群落如何形成并塑造哺乳动物对全球变化的反应。******我们将专门讨论生态位差异在决定食肉目（猫、狗、熊和他们的亲戚）已经灭绝因此，我们将回答“什么进化条件导致了现代食肉哺乳动物组合？”并确定了食肉哺乳动物生态位在其灭绝易感性中的作用。******生态位轴的变化是物种的重要手段。我们将开发鹿角，一种与骨骼成分相似的硬组织，作为使用碳、氮和氧稳定同位素的生态指标。因此，我们将使用加拿大自然博物馆的藏品，利用驯鹿鹿角来了解驯鹿生态位从第四纪晚期到现代的变化。**** **经典生态位理论预测，物种在生态位空间中的分布方式反映了群落组装机制。我们将开发一种新的结合化石和现存哺乳动物的系统发育学。对于西半球哺乳动物，这将有助于研究现在和过去的哺乳动物动物群的系统发育和功能多样性变化，我们将专门使用系统发育方法来测试物种交换（即分散或生物交换）和进化模式（即稳定选择）。 ，布朗运动）导致了过去和现在西半球热带和温带哺乳动物群的系统发育和功能结构的差异。对全球变化结果的有用预测需要整合现代观测、预测和化石数据，我们的工作对全球变化的影响进行预测，直接解决灭绝和进化的作用。