Paula, Josef and Frieda Fruchter: Letters from Shanghai Exile 1941–1949

Paula、Josef 和 Frieda Fruchter：1941 年至 1949 年上海流放者的信件

• 批准号: 515699733
• 负责人: Dr. Sophie Fetthauer
• 金额: --
• 依托单位国家: 德国
• 项目类别: Research Grants
• 财政年份: 2023
• 资助国家: 德国
• 起止时间: 2022-12-31 至 2023-12-31
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://gepris.dfg.de/gepris/projekt/515699733?language=en
• 关键词: Paula; Josef; Frieda; Fruchter; Letters

In April/May 1941, the pianist and vocal coach Paula Fruchter (1896-1983) and the singer, singing teacher and cantor Josef Fruchter (1900-1976) fled to Shanghai with their eight-year-old daughter Frieda (1933-2020). They were among the approximately 18,000 mostly Jewish refugees who sought refuge from Nazi persecution in the Chinese port city. Supplemented by messages from her husband and daughter, Paula Fruchter wrote almost 70 letters, postcards, telegrams and Red Cross messages to her mother and other relatives in Vienna between 1941 and 1949. Since the mother was not affected by antisemitic persecution, she survived the Nazi period in Vienna and with her the letters. This is absolutely exceptional, because in most cases the addressees of letters from Shanghai were deported and the correspondence was lost along with their belongings. The Fruchters’ letters, for which no reply letters have survived, were written in three phases. The first messages were written during the flight from Vienna via Berlin, Moscow, Siberia and Manchukuo. They give an impression of the circumstances of the journey, of cities and landscapes as well as approaching foreign worlds. The final section is made up of four letters written during the ship passage from Shanghai via Italy to Israel and in Raanana, Israel. These are mainly about hopes and fears for the future. The letters from Shanghai make up the largest part. In addition to the professional situation (concerts, teaching, work as cantor in the synagogue, working conditions, competitive situation, etc.), they deal with everyday life in Shanghai (accommodation, food, health, climate, education, contact networks and considerations for further migration or remigration in the post-war period). Against the background of the difficult situation in Shanghai and the concern for her mother in Vienna, Paula Fruchter in particular developed writing strategies – typical of letters from exile – that served both to reassure herself and to calm her mother. The aim of the project is a two-part publication. The first part will be an analytical study. It will analyse the Fruchters’ exile-specific communication strategies and thus, among other things, the image that was conveyed to the family in Vienna of the conditions in Shanghai, including musical life. This is combined with explanations of the state of research, the source situation, the historical background, the biographies of the Fruchters and the family contexts. The letter edition, including commentary and reference apparatus, a letter index and a report on the editorial problems and decisions, will form the second part. The project is connected to the applicant’s monograph “Musiker und Musikerinnen im Shanghaier Exil 1938–1949” (2021) and is intended to build on methodological considerations on the history of entanglements tried out there.

1941年4月/5月，钢琴家兼声乐教练保拉·弗鲁赫特（Paula Fruchter，1896-1983）和歌手、声乐老师兼领唱约瑟夫·弗鲁赫特（Josef Fruchter，1900-1976）带着八岁的女儿弗里达（Frieda，1933-2020）逃往上海。他们是大约 18,000 名在中国港口城市寻求庇护、躲避纳粹迫害的难民，其中大部分是犹太难民。 1941 年至 1949 年间，保拉·弗鲁赫特 (Paula Fruchter) 在丈夫和女儿的留言的基础上，给她的母亲和维也纳的其他亲戚写了近 70 封信件、明信片、电报和红十字通信。由于母亲没有受到反犹太主义迫害，她躲过了纳粹的迫害。这绝对是例外，因为在大多数情况下，来自上海的信件的收件人都被驱逐出境，信件连同他们的物品都丢失了。弗鲁希特斯的信件分三个阶段写成，没有留下任何回复。第一批信件是在从维也纳出发，途经柏林、莫斯科、西伯利亚和满洲国的途中写下的。它们给人留下了关于旅程和城市的印象。最后一部分是在从上海经意大利到以色列和以色列拉纳纳的途中写的四封信，这些信主要是关于来自上海的希望和恐惧。占最大部分。除了专业情况（音乐会、教学、在犹太教堂担任领唱、工作条件、竞争情况等），他们还涉及上海的日常生活（住宿、食物、健康、气候、教育、联系网络和注意事项）在上海的困难局势和对维也纳母亲的担忧的背景下，保拉·弗鲁赫特特别制定了适合步兵的写作策略——典型的流亡信件。她自己和该项目的目标是由两部分组成的出版物，它将分析 Fruchters 的流亡具体沟通策略，以及所传达的形象。本书结合了研究状况、来源情况、历史背景、Fruchters 的传记和家庭背景的解释，包括评论和家庭背景。参考装置，一个信件索引和关于编辑问题和决定的报告将构成第二部分，该项目与申请人的专着“Musiker und Musikerinnen im Shanghaier Exil 1938-1949”（2021）相关，旨在建立在方法论考虑的基础上。纠缠的历史在那里进行过尝试。