People in Development - Environment, Population and Education

发展中的人——环境、人口和教育

基本信息

批准号：
08208111
负责人：
KOJIMA Reeitsu
金额：
$ 14.14万
依托单位：
Daito Bunka University
依托单位国家：
日本
项目类别：
Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research on Priority Areas
财政年份：
1996
资助国家：
日本
起止时间：
1996 至 1998
项目状态：
已结题

项目摘要

China is now in the process of the third economic transformation. By the 1970's, she had completed in building a heavy industrial structure, which supported military. industries. The reform and open-up policy which was launched in 1979 brought about a remarkable development in the production of lower level home electric endurables such as TV sets, refrigerators and cleaners. Then in the third phase, the heavy industrial structure has been forced to change into a more balanced one. Entering into the 1990's, China began to suffer from excessive production powers of those newly developed industries, which has compelled her to upgrade the industrial structure. The new structure would include housing, automobile, electronic and communication media industries, as well as infrastructure and environmental industries. This is the third stage of development, which China is currently going through.In the meantime, during the second stage period, environment, social welfare and education duly emph … More asized. These sectors still remain as weak parts. Due to the rapid were not urbanization and a huge population, these sectors have emerged as restricting factors to the country's overall development. The present project has studied whether these elements are and will be the factors to restrict a further development of national economy.Environmental Problems : These will not be a restricting element in the future. By developing environmental industries, it is more likely to prompt economic development as a whole through expanding job opportunities, though people's living environment will further deteriorate. One of the most serious aspects is the destruction of the ecological system, especially that caused by water shortage in Northern and Western parts of China. Water to the territory is comparable to a blood system to a human body. Therefore, water shortage and polluted water can possibly give serious damage to the fundamental bases of society and could endanger its very survival. The destruction of ecology is also caused by the destruction of forests, erosion and excessive feeding of animals and cattle.Population and Welfare Problems : Though China has a huge population, the supply of food has been sufficient and will remain so in the future. A future problem lies in the shortage of energy and basic materials, which will make China over-dependent on imports for their supply. It is conceivable therefore, that China will be plagued by a huge import-export imbalance in the event of a fall in exports. Among population problems, an agingissue will be the most serious in the short run. This will impose a big financial burden on the government and enterprises. The social cost will greatly increase.Education Problem : During the 1980s, "money-makingism" emerged throughout the country. Dismantling of people's communes weakened financial power of each level of local governments, leading to a decline of rural education. In the 1990's, however, the necessity of the construction of the educational system has begun to be emphasized. The effort to spread the nine-year compulsory education is going on. The possibility for education to restrict further development is rather small.Overseas Chinese investment on education is remarkable in Fujian and Guandong provinces. Many Chinese youths who studied abroad have come back to China and have begun to play important roles in society, especially in scientific and technological institutions, financial circles and governments. They will possibly be key persons to change China's existing way of thinking and social system. Less

中国现在正在进行第三次经济转型。到1970年代，她已经完成了建立一个支持军队的重型工业结构。行业。 1979年启动的改革和开放政策在生产较低的家庭电动耐用物（例如电视机，冰箱和清洁剂）方面取得了显着发展。然后，在第三阶段，重型产业结构被迫变成更平衡的结构。进入1990年代，中国开始遭受那些新发展的行业的生产力过多，这迫使她升级工业结构。新结构将包括住房，汽车，电子和通信媒体行业，以及基础设施和环境行业。这是中国目前正在经历的第三阶段。与此同时，在第二阶段，环境，社会福利和教育适当地……更加努力。这些部门仍然是薄弱的部分。由于迅速，不是城市化和人口众多，这些部门已成为该国整体发展的限制因素。本项目已经研究了这些要素是否是，并且将是限制国民经济进一步发展的因素。环境问题：未来这些问题将不会成为限制因素。通过发展环境行业，尽管人们的生活环境将进一步检测到，但更有可能通过扩大工作机会来促进整个经济发展。最严重的方面之一是破坏生态系统，尤其是由中国北部和西部的水短缺引起的。该领土的水与人体的血液系统相媲美。因此，缺水和污染的水可能会严重损害社会的基本基础，并可能危害其生存。生态学的破坏也是由于森林，侵蚀和动物和牛的过度喂养的破坏而引起的。人口统计和福利问题：尽管中国人口众多，但食品的供应已经足够，将来会留在未来。未来的问题在于能源和基本材料的短缺，这将使中国过度依赖其供应进口。因此，可以想象，在出口下降的情况下，中国将受到巨大的进出口失衡的困扰。在人口问题中，在短期内，老年人将是最严重的。这将对政府和企业施加大量的财务燃烧。社会成本将大大增加。教育问题：在1980年代，“赚钱主义”在全国范围内出现。拆除人们的公社削弱了各个地方政府的财务能力，导致教育的下降。然而，在1990年代，教育体系的必要构建已开始强调。传播九年强制性教育的努力正在进行中。教育限制进一步发展的可能性相当小。许多在国外学习的中国年轻人回到了中国，并开始在社会中扮演重要角色，尤其是在科学和技术机构，金融界和政府中。他们可能是改变中国现有思维方式和社会体系的关键人物。较少的