A Semantic /Historical Study on the Semantic Network and Isolated. Usages of So Called "Function Words" in English

语义网络和孤立的语义/历史研究。

基本信息

批准号：
16520293
负责人：
KATO Kozo
金额：
$ 1.92万
依托单位：
Shinshu University
依托单位国家：
日本
项目类别：
Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (C)
财政年份：
2004
资助国家：
日本
起止时间：
2004 至 2005
项目状态：
已结题

项目摘要

This research has investigated the polysemy of English prepositions from a cognitive linguistic and historical perspective. The specific prepositions dealt with are by, as, for, and with. The followings are the summary for each study■ by We have found that in the OE period, the central meaning of this word was <Somewhere Around>, but this has changed to <Through> by the ME period. This conclusion can explain why isolated usages of by, such as by day and by night, survive only as fixed phrases.■ as This word evolved from OE (all) so rich so X(present translation as rich as X). The so in the subordinate clause evolved into PE so, and that in the main clause evolved into PE as. The conjunction as has seemingly the opposite meaning of REASON and CONCESSION, but we concluded that this phenomenon occurs because (i) it is not as that has these meanings, but (ii) human beings tend to interpret two clauses that are juxtaposed as REASON or CONCESSION (this phenomenon can also be seen in the case … More of and, the participial construction, and so on), so it is the human cognition that make these meanings.■ for This word meant <In front of> before the OE period, but it has experienced semantic change, and by OE, before (by + for) took its place. For already had non-spatial meanings in the OE period, and this is because if A is before B, it is also true that B is before A, hence there was ambiguity in direction. The meaning of <Duration> and <Goal> came from French pour. Also, this research on for has become the support for our theory on the isolated usages and fixed phrases developed in the research on by.■ with The significant characteristic of this word is that it does not designate any point in space, and it has many meanings that seem unrelated: it has the meaning of <Accompaniment>, <Agreement>; it also has the meaning of <Against>, which is opposite from the meaning of <Accompaniment>; it also has the meaning of <Situation>, <Instrument>, which does not seem to be related to other meanings. This peculiarity can only be explained by positing that these meanings do not derive from the meaning of with itself, but from the cognition that human beings tend to make.Lastly, we have also carried out research on the semantics of Japanese postpositions, de and ni, in order to advance our research into comparative linguistics. The result of this comparative linguistics will be developed and demonstrated in our presentations in the workshop of 22^<nd> National Conference of the English Linguistic Society of Japan. Less

本研究从认知语言学和历史的角度探讨了英语介词的多义性，具体涉及的介词有by、as、for和with。以下是每项研究的总结。我们发现，在OE时期。，这个词的中心意思是<Somewhere around>，但到了ME时期，这个词变成了<Through>。这个结论可以解释为什么by的单独用法，例如by day和by night，只作为固定短语存在。 ■ 随着这个词的演变源自 OE（全部）so rich so X（现在翻译为 as rich as X）。从句中的 so 演变为 PE so，主句中的 that 演变为 PE as。连词 as 似乎与 REASON 含义相反。和 CONCESSION，但我们得出的结论是，这种现象的发生是因为 (i) 它并不具有这些含义，但是 (ii) 人类倾向于将并列的两个子句解释为 REASON 或 CONCESSION（这种现象也可以在案件…更多的and，分词结构等等），所以是人类的认知产生了这些含义。■ for 这个词在OE时期之前的意思是<在前面>，但它经历了语义变化，并且由OE ，在(by + for)取代之前，For在OE时期已经具有非空间意义，这是因为如果A在B之前，则B也在A之前，因此存在方向上的歧义。的含义<Duration>和<Goal>源自法语pour。而且，对for的研究也成为我们在by研究中发展起来的孤立用法和固定短语理论的支撑。 ■ with 这个词的显着特征是它。不指定空间中的任何一点，而且有很多看似无关的含义：有<伴奏>、<同意>的意思，也有<反对>的意思，与<同意>的意思相反。 <伴奏>；它还有<情境>、<乐器>的含义，这似乎与其他含义没有关系，只能通过假定这些含义并非源自with本身来解释。最后，我们还对日语后置词“de”和“ni”的语义进行了研究，以推进我们的语言比较研究，这是比较语言学的成果。将在第 22 届日本英语语言学会全国会议的研讨会上进行演示并进行演示。