Irrigation water management for the diversified use of plastic film mulch

地膜覆盖多样化使用的灌溉用水管理

基本信息

批准号：
13460106
负责人：
NAKANO Yoshisuke
金额：
$ 9.73万
依托单位：
Kyushu University
依托单位国家：
日本
项目类别：
Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (B)
财政年份：
2001
资助国家：
日本
起止时间：
2001 至 2003
项目状态：
已结题

项目摘要

For the upland crop production, plastic films are variously used in Japan. High qualification and harvesting time control are the main purpose of using the plastic films. To clarified the effect of plastic films on air and soil temperature, soil moisture and solar radiation, the characteristics of various crop canopy architectures were measured. Using the prototype and simplified models, first, shortwave and diffused solar radiation absorption and penetration were studied. Simulation model to cope with various types of crop canopy was established. This model was also applied for quantifying the long wave radiation exchanges between crop body and sky. Second, the effect of crop canopy, especially row crop condition, on the spatial distributions of soil temperature, soil moisture and soil surface evaporation were clarified. These results were effectively applied for estimating water consumption from soil surface on the micro-irrigated field. Third, reflection and penetration characteristics of short wave and long wave radiation of various types of plastic film were investigated. And the effects of these different types of films on soil environment below the crop canopy was clarified. Fourth, irrigation scheduling appropriate for various types of plastic film fields were studied. Evapotranspiration on tunnel type mulch, completely co soil surface mulch and partly covered soil surface mulch fields were investigated and optimal irrigation methods were studied by both simulation and observation. Fifth, absorption performances of nutrients by the crops were investigated using lysimeters. With comparing the results of different types of mulch, it was clarified the large amount of applied fertilizers were percolated to the groundwater when the plant holes on the mulch were not small.

在日本，旱地作物生产中广泛使用塑料薄膜。高品质和收获时间控制是使用塑料薄膜的主要目的。为了阐明塑料薄膜对空气和土壤温度、土壤湿度和太阳辐射的影响，测量了各种作物冠层结构的特征。使用原型和简化模型，首先研究了短波和漫射太阳辐射的吸收和穿透。建立了应对各类作物冠层的模拟模型。该模型还应用于量化作物体与天空之间的长波辐射交换。其次，阐明了作物冠层特别是中行作物状况对土壤温度、土壤湿度和土壤表面蒸发空间分布的影响。这些结果可有效应用于估算微灌田土壤表面的耗水量。第三，研究了各类塑料薄膜的短波和长波辐射的反射和穿透特性。并阐明了这些不同类型的薄膜对作物冠层以下土壤环境的影响。四是研究了适合各类地膜田的灌溉调度。研究了隧道式覆盖物、完全覆盖土表覆盖物和部分覆盖土表覆盖物田的蒸散量，并通过模拟和观测研究了最佳灌溉方法。第五，利用蒸渗仪研究作物对养分的吸收性能。通过比较不同类型覆盖物的结果，明确了当覆盖物上的植物孔不小时，大量施用的肥料渗入地下水。