Rule-Keepers for the World? A Cultural History of the Referee, c. 1860-1980

世界规则的守护者？

• 批准号: 398092386
• 负责人: Dr. Kristoffer Klammer
• 金额: --
• 依托单位: Seminar für Mittlere und Neuere Geschichte
• 依托单位国家: 德国
• 项目类别: Research Grants
• 财政年份: 2018
• 资助国家: 德国
• 起止时间: 2017-12-31 至 2021-12-31
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://gepris.dfg.de/gepris/projekt/398092386?language=en
• 关键词: Rule; Keepers; World; Cultural; History

The project aims at investigating the referee as a crucial institution in the context of modern sports and, more generally, in modern societies. It is based on the observation that referees function as indispensable brokers at the nexus of regulations, athletes, audience, and associations. At the same time, they ensure the establishment of and compliance with regional, national, and international standards of comparability. The referee can thus be regarded as an essential factor in the emergence and stabilisation of the transnational ‘comparative context of world sports’. Despite the fundamental role of the referee, whose metaphorical impact far exceeds the realm of sports, the history of this figure has yet to be examined from a longitudinal perspective. The present project aims at filling this lacuna. It uses the examples of two specifically selected types of sport, football and tennis—both of which share similar histories of institutionalisation, but display marked differences in regard to the role of referees—to examine the duties, actions, and reputation of referees from the Victorian period to the world sports of the second half of the twentieth century. The analysis will yield insights into two basic social processes which coincide in the emergence of the referee: on the one hand, the history of how authority was attained (i.e. through institutionalisation and professionalisation), stabilised (for instance, through systematic training and scientification), and put at risk (by violent behaviour, referee misconduct, and scandals); and on the other hand, the history of international convergence and standardisation. This project thus combines research interests in the field of the history of modern societies with questions originating from the history of internationalisation and sports history. In order to address these issues, the corpus of source materials will include documents of British sports associations and international governing bodies (FIFA and I[L]TF) as well as print media, training materials/textbooks and (partly autobiographical) reflections of referees themselves.

该项目旨在调查裁判作为现代体育背景下乃至现代社会中的重要机构。它基于这样的观察：裁判是规则、运动员、观众和协会之间不可或缺的中间人。同时，它们确保建立并遵守区域、国家和国际的可比性标准。因此，裁判可以被视为跨国“世界体育比较背景”的出现和稳定的重要因素。这裁判的隐喻影响远远超出了体育领域，但这一人物的历史仍有待从纵向角度进行研究，本项目旨在填补这一空白，它使用了两种专门选择的类型的例子。体育、足球和网球——两者都有相似的制度化历史，但在裁判的角色方面表现出明显的差异——考察从维多利亚时期到下半场的世界体育运动中裁判的职责、行为和声誉的分析将产生对二十世纪的见解。裁判的出现同时伴随着两个基本的社会过程：一方面，权威如何获得（即通过制度化和专业化）、稳定化（例如，通过系统培训和科学化）和面临风险的历史（另一方面，国际趋同和标准化的历史因此将现代社会史领域的研究兴趣与国际化史和体育史的问题结合起来。为了解决这些问题，源材料库将包括英国体育协会和国际管理机构（FIFA 和 I[L]TF）的文件以及印刷媒体、培训材料/教科书和裁判员的反思（部分自传）他们自己。