Formiguer Soils The Mediterranean analogue to terra preta de Indio in the humid tropics?

福米格尔土壤 地中海类似于潮湿热带地区的印度黑土？

• 批准号: 390569052
• 负责人: Professorin Dr. Eileen Eckmeier, since 4/2019
• 金额: --
• 依托单位: Institut für Ökosystemforschung
• 依托单位国家: 德国
• 项目类别: Research Grants
• 财政年份: 2017
• 资助国家: 德国
• 起止时间: 2016-12-31 至 2020-12-31
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://gepris.dfg.de/gepris/projekt/390569052?language=en
• 关键词: Formiguer; Soils; Mediterranean; analogue; terra

Soils heavily influenced by human action are increasingly gaining in importance because of unsolved global issues such as global warming, soil degradation, increasing world population and related food security. As shown by the example of terra preta de Índio in the humid tropics, Anthrosols can contain tremendous nutrient and soil organic matter stocks after several hundred years. However, only few Anthrosols are comparably intensive investigated than terra preta. An interesting example is the formiguer fertilization technique in the Mediterranean Catalonia (Spain) aiming an increasing soil fertility. The method is based on carbonization of piles of biomass under a thick soil cover. After burning, the heated soil cover, ash, charcoal and highly probable also dung were distributed and incorporated into the soil. The resulted soils still contain high amounts macroscopically visible charcoal particles, are dark in soil colour, having a good soil moisture and active soil fauna, which is in contrast to surrounding non-treated soils. In how far the input materials and properties of the formiguer soils are comparable to terra preta de Índio and thus its Mediterranean analogue and model for sustainable land use in Mediterranean regions, is a key question of the project. The project focuses three main issues using state-of-the-art methods. First, land use history will be reconstructed using radiocarbon dating (14C), phosphorous and nitrogen isotope (d15N) analysis combined with molecular markers for identification and quantification of charcoal (black carbon) and faecal matter (stanols and bile acids). The impact of formiguer fertilization on soil properties will be determined by soil basic characterisation of formiguer soils compared with non-treated adjacent soils. Changes of charcoal properties in the long-term under intensive soil cultivation are still poorly understood. Thus, the second subject addresses the chemical properties of fresh and aged charcoals in formiguer soils and possible stabilization mechanisms, which may lead, beside chemical recalcitrance, to its long-term stabilization in soils. Elemental composition of charcoal (C, N, O, H and O) as well as the quality and quantity of black carbon will provide deeper insights in charcoal formations process (fire intensity) and recalcitrance of charcoals. Changes of chemical properties of charcoals exposed in soil will be determined by combining microscope and spectroscope techniques such as SEM-EDS, FTIM, XPS and thin sections. The third subject of the project focusses on the impact of the formiguer fertilization technique on microbial biomass and microbial community structure. Amino sugars, muramic acid and PLFA will be used as marker for fungi and bacteria.

由于尚未解决的全球问题，例如全球变暖，土壤退化，增加世界人口和相关粮食安全，因此受人类行动影响很大的土壤越来越重要。如潮湿的热带地区的Terra Preta的例子所示，炭疽菌在数百年后可以包含巨大的营养和土壤有机物库存。但是，只有少量的炭疽菌比Terra Preta进行了相当密集的研究。一个有趣的例子是地中海加泰罗尼亚（西班牙）的甲型施肥技术的目的是增加土壤生育能力。该方法基于在厚的土壤覆盖层下生物质钢琴的碳化。燃烧后，加热的土壤覆盖物，灰烬，木炭和极其有问题的粪便也分布在土壤中。所产生的土壤仍然包含宏观可见的木炭颗粒，土壤颜色深色，土壤水分和活性土壤动物群，与周围未处理的土壤形成鲜明对比。在孔土壤的投入材料和特性与Terra Pretadeíndio相当的程度中，其地中海类似物和地中海地区可持续土地利用的模型是该项目的关键问题。该项目使用最先进的方法将三个主要问题重点放在。首先，将使用放射性碳年代（14C），磷和氮同位素（D15N）分析重建土地使用史，结合了分子标记，用于鉴定和定量木炭（黑碳）和粪便物质（stanols and Biles Acid）。与未经处理的邻近土壤相比，甲型施肥对土壤特性的影响将通过土壤的基本表征来确定。长期在密集土壤培养下长期木炭特性的变化仍然鲜为人知。这是第二个主题介绍了新鲜和老化的木炭在矿物质土壤中的化学特性以及可能导致化学顽固性的稳定机制，这可能导致其在土壤中的长期稳定。木炭（C，N，O，H和O）的元素组成以及黑碳的质量和数量将提供更深入的见解木炭形成过程（火力强度）和木炭的重耐含量。暴露在土壤中的木炭的化学特性的变化将通过将显微镜和光谱技术（例如Sem-Eds，ftim，XPS和薄切片）结合来确定。该项目的第三个主题侧重于甲型受精技术对微生物生物量和微生物群落结构的影响。氨基糖，穆拉米酸和PLFA将用作真菌和细菌的标志物。