Ashkenazi Jewry in the later Middle Ages. Potentials of Regional Networks towards Coping, Adaptation, and Transformation

中世纪后期的德系犹太人。

• 批准号: 315061703
• 负责人: Professor Dr. Lukas Clemens
• 金额: --
• 依托单位: Arye-Maimon-Institut für Geschichte der Juden
• 依托单位国家: 德国
• 项目类别: Research Units
• 财政年份: 2016
• 资助国家: 德国
• 起止时间: 2015-12-31 至 2023-12-31
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://gepris.dfg.de/gepris/projekt/315061703?language=en
• 关键词: Ashkenazi; Jewry; later; Middle; Ages.

This project investigates the options of agency and the resilience strategies of the Jewish minority of Ashkenaz, i.e., in the German Kingdom and the neighbouring areas of settlement of German-speaking Jews, in the face of convulsive phenomena of disruption between the fourteenth and sixteenth centuries. During the first funding period the serious persecutions of 1348–51 and a phase of intensified repression experienced by the Jews of Ashkenaz between c.1380 and c.1420 offered the occasions for two separate studies. In the second funding period we will look at the new round of intensified legal and ideological efforts aimed at excluding Jews and disruptive phenomena from c.1470, in view of the options left to the Jewish families and communities. By the end of the two funding periods we intend to arrive at an assessment as to the influence of mid-term resilience strategies adopted by individuals and collective agents (networking, migration, diplomacy, conversion) on the long-term development in the conditions of Jewish life in Ashkenaz. We will test the hypothesis that resilience processes were changing: Under the cumulating influence of a series of disruptive phenomena, they feature not only coping and adaptation but tended to activate also potentials of transformation. We propose to show that this change can be traced in the relationship between instuttions and individual agents. Next to the traditional forms of Jewish life in urban communities, from the late-fifteenth century on we increasingly confront a Jewry that has been described as ‘atomized’ in previous research but which, in fact, is characterize by network-like settlement structures and the activity of strong individual agents, who together shaped the preconditions for a durable formation of ‘rural Jewry’ in a number of important regions. The third study in the framework of the present project is hence concerned with ‘Potentials of Coping, Adaptation, and Transformation in Regional Netoworks’. It will focus on a comparative analysis of three regions in which, at the turn of the Early Modern Period, still featured a substantial number of Jewish settlements: Franconia, the Wetterau, and Alsace. The three have all been appreciated in previous historical research, particularly in view of the favourable structures of lordship. Comparative analysis will allow us to assess the relative importance of individuals, networks, and institutions (communities) in the resilience processes between c.1470 and the mid-sixteenth century, reflected in coping, adaptation, and transformation. Empirical research will thus contribute to a better understanding of the dynamics at work in Ashkenazi-Jewish society and in Christian-Jewish relations at the end of the medieval period, by viewing them as resilience processes.

该项目调查了阿什肯纳兹犹太少数民族（即在德意志王国和邻近的德语犹太人定居点）面对 14 世纪和 16 世纪之间剧烈的破坏现象时的代理选择和复原策略在第一个资助期间，1348-51 年的严重迫害和约 1380 年至约 1420 年阿什肯纳兹犹太人经历的强化镇压阶段提供了在第二个资助期间，我们将考虑到犹太家庭和社区的选择，旨在将犹太人和破坏性现象排除在 1470 年之外的新一轮强化的法律和意识形态努力。在两个资助期结束时，我们打算评估个人和集体代理人采取的中期复原力战略（网络、移民、外交、皈依）对犹太人条件长期发展的影响我们将检验阿什肯纳兹的生活。复原力过程正在发生变化：在一系列破坏性现象的累积影响下，它们不仅具有应对和适应的特征，而且还倾向于激活变革的潜力。我们建议表明，这种变化可以在机构与个人之间的关系中追踪。除了城市社区中犹太人的传统生活形式之外，从 15 世纪末开始，我们越来越多地面临着一种在先前的研究中被描述为“原子化”的犹太人，但事实上，其特点是网络状的定居点。结构和因此，本项目框架内的第三项研究关注的是“应对、适应和转型的潜力”。它将重点对在近代早期仍然有大量犹太人定居点的三个地区进行比较分析：弗兰科尼亚、韦特劳和阿尔萨斯。所有这些在之前的历史研究中都得到了赞赏，特别是考虑到有利的领主结构，比较分析将使我们能够评估个人、网络和机构（社区）在大约 1470 年到中期的恢复过程中的相对重要性。因此，实证研究将有助于更好地理解中世纪末期德系犹太社会以及基督教与犹太关系中的动态。作为弹性过程。