Gender roles and their outer appearance in courtesy and etiquette books of the late Ottoman period and the early Turkish Republic

奥斯曼帝国晚期和土耳其共和国早期礼节书籍中的性别角色及其外观

• 批准号: 301932711
• 负责人: Professorin Dr. Ulrike Freitag
• 金额: --
• 依托单位: Leibniz-Zentrum Moderner Orient (ZMO)
• 依托单位国家: 德国
• 项目类别: Research Grants
• 财政年份: 2016
• 资助国家: 德国
• 起止时间: 2015-12-31 至 2018-12-31
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://gepris.dfg.de/gepris/projekt/301932711?language=en
• 关键词: Gender; roles; their; outer; appearance

The insecurity caused by European intrusion, which affected all strands of Ottoman life during the 19th century triggered a search for new social values or at least for a reform of the old ones. Therefore the European bourgeois etiquette became more important, because it was taken as proof of European technical and civilizing dominance. Rules practised in everyday life were questioned, but one did not look back to its own traditional ideals of courtesy and behaviour and translated or wrote instead books on Western, mainly French, etiquette. Still, it was adapted to one's own traditional values. When the republic was founded the number of such etiquette-books grew and western behaviour was much more decidedly required. Non-acceptance of the new rules was sanctioned. In this way the picture of right behaviour painted by the elites became part of the general education. Etiquette books generally treated all aspects of daily life, and what they prescribed was seen partly in accordance, partly in opposition to the traditional routine. Of course, already customs how to eat or to clothe may indicate a degree of transformation (modernization). However, gender relations in the public and private sphere seem to be more important, because traditional society was questioned by their remodeling. Courtesy and etiquette rules are not empty formalities, they precisely reflect the essentials of a society. Therefore, our main research interest are the gender roles, their appearance and the changes found in the courtesy and etiquette books of the late Ottoman and early Republican period. It is of interest, whether the changes can be understood as a modernization of existing or the creation of new cultural rules, or whether it is an eclectic adaptation of European culture. At the same time we would like to find out how far courtesy and etiquette books were able not only to register, but also to establish new norms. How do they reflect the valid norms for both females and males, and how far do they show the tensions between the old and new female and male roles. One more aspect to be treated is how far especially republican etiquette books contributed to nation building.

欧洲入侵造成的不安全感影响了 19 世纪奥斯曼帝国生活的方方面面，引发了人们对新社会价值观的追求，或者至少是对旧社会价值观的改革。因此，欧洲资产阶级礼仪变得更加重要，因为它被视为欧洲技术和文明统治地位的证明。日常生活中实行的规则受到质疑，但人们没有回顾自己传统的礼貌和行为理想，而是翻译或撰写了有关西方（主要是法国）礼仪的书籍。尽管如此，它还是适应了自己的传统价值观。共和国成立后，此类礼仪书籍的数量不断增加，对西方行为的要求也更加明确。不接受新规则的行为将受到制裁。这样，精英们所描绘的正确行为的图画就成为了普通教育的一部分。礼仪书籍一般涉及日常生活的方方面面，其中所规定的内容有些符合传统惯例，有些则与传统惯例相反。当然，已经习惯了如何吃或穿可能表明一定程度的转变（现代化）。然而，公共领域和私人领域的性别关系似乎更为重要，因为传统社会受到了重塑的质疑。礼节和礼仪规则不是空洞的形式，它们准确地反映了一个社会的本质。因此，我们的主要研究兴趣是奥斯曼帝国末期和共和初期的礼典书籍中的性别角色、外表以及变化。有趣的是，这些变化是否可以被理解为现有文化规则的现代化或新文化规则的创造，或者是否是欧洲文化的折衷适应。同时我们也想知道礼节和礼仪书籍不仅能够记录，还能建立新的规范到什么程度。它们如何反映对女性和男性的有效规范，以及它们在多大程度上显示了新旧女性和男性角色之间的紧张关系。另一个需要讨论的方面是，特别是共和礼仪书籍对国家建设的贡献有多大。