A 'Handelspraktik' (mercantile manual) from Upper Germany and mercantile knowledge around 1500

来自上德国的“Handelspraktik”（商业手册）和 1500 年左右的商业知识

• 批准号: 284225552
• 负责人: Professor Dr. Gerhard Fouquet
• 金额: --
• 依托单位: Historisches Seminar
• 依托单位国家: 德国
• 项目类别: Research Grants
• 财政年份: 2016
• 资助国家: 德国
• 起止时间: 2015-12-31 至 2017-12-31
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://gepris.dfg.de/gepris/projekt/284225552?language=en
• 关键词: Handelspraktik; mercantile; manual; Upper; Germany

The project focuses on a 'Handelspraktik' from Upper Germany, which was probably created in 1511. It is preserved in manuscript at the Herzog August Bibliothek in Wolfenbüttel today (signature: Cod. Guelf. 18.4. Aug. 4o). The scientific term 'Handelspraktik' refers to a type of pragmatic texts of the late Middle Ages and the early Modern Period presenting mercantile knowledge like a compendium for individual or internal use (i.e. notebooks) or distribution within a greater circle of users (i.e. manuals). While mercantile notebooks have emerged since the late thirteenth and manuals since the fifteenth century in Italy, the 'Handelspraktik' of the Wolfenbüttel library is one of the earliest examples for corresponding texts in German-speaking regions. Among other things, this handbook contains information on market conditions and commercial customs, prices and cost calculations, as well as currencies, measurements and weights together with their conversion. The main focus of the text is on the trade with Venice. In addition, particular attention is given to Augsburg and Nuremberg, to a much lesser extent to Frankfurt. Until today, we do not know who compiled the text, but it probably originates from Augsburg.In recent times 'Handelspraktiken' have attracted increasing interest with regard to economic history, yet, there are still substantive shortcomings in research on them. Significantly, the Wolfenbüttel manuscript has been known to the research community for a long time. Up to today, however, there has been no detailed examination of this source that is of great importance for the history of Upper German trade. The project uses the text in order to analyze the mercantile knowledge of the time around 1500, with it being very specialized practical and procedural knowledge, i.e. application-oriented knowledge, which is studied from three analytical perspectives, closely linked with each other: production (processes and conditions of formation), order (contents and their connections), presentation (techniques and forms of dissemination). Systematic comparisons with other 'Handelspraktiken', especially from Upper Germany, but also from Northern Italy and from regions of Northern Germany and the Netherlands, are methodically necessary. Accordingly, by investigating dependencies, analogies and differences, it will be possible to gain insights concerning constitution and composition, continuities and changes, pragmatics and timeliness, in a word: the dynamics of mercantile knowledge in the decades around 1500. With an exemplary focus on the 'Handelspraktik' from 1511, which is especially significant in terms of time, extent and content, as well as by means of its comparative contextualization, an essential part of the development of mercantile knowledge during the transition from the late Middle Ages to the early Modern Period will be uncovered.

该项目着重于上德国的“ Handelspraktik”，该项目可能是在1511年创建的。今天，该项目保存在沃尔芬布尔（Wolfenbüttel）的Herzog August Bibliothek的手稿中（签名：Cod。Guelf。18.4。8月4日）。科学术语“ Handelspraktik”是指中世纪晚期的一种务实文本，以及现代早期，呈现出精美的知识，例如个人或内部用途的纲要（即笔记本）或在更大的用户（即手册）中的分布或分布。自从13世纪后13世纪后期和手册以来，商业笔记本已经出现，但沃尔芬布尔图书馆的“ Handelspraktik”是德语说德语地区相应文本的最早示例之一。除其他外，本手册中包含有关市场状况和商业习俗，价格和成本计算以及货币，测量和权重的信息，以及它们的转换。本文的主要重点是与威尼斯的交易。此外，特别关注奥格斯堡和纽伦堡，对法兰克福的程度要小得多。直到今天，我们还不知道是谁编写了文本，但它可能起源于奥格斯堡。最近，“ Handelspraktiken”对经济史上的兴趣越来越多，但是，研究中仍然存在实质性的缺点。值得注意的是，研究界已经知道了Wolfenbüttel手稿已有很长时间了。然而，直到今天，还没有详细的检查该来源对德国上层贸易的历史非常重要。该项目使用文本来分析1500年左右的时间的合并知识，其实践和程序知识，即面向应用程序的知识，从三个分析角度开始研究，彼此之间是密切相关的：生产（过程和条件（形成的过程和条件），订单和连接及其连接及其连接及其连接），呈现（技术和形式的拼写）。与其他“ Handelspraktiken”进行了系统的比较，尤其是来自上德国，也是来自意大利北部以及来自德国北部和荷兰地区的其他“ Handelspraktiken”。根据调查依赖性，类比和差异的说法，有可能获得有关宪法和组成，连续性和变化，持续性和变化，务实和及时性的见解：在1500年左右的数十年中，默余知识的动态。在1511年的典范上，其范围相比，尤其是在范围内的范围，并在1511年中尤其重要，并在范围内，以及与之相比，范围与范围相比，范围是范围的，并且是范围的，并且是范围的，并且是在范围内，并且是在范围内，并且是在范围内，并且在范围内，以及对范围的范围，以及范围的范围。从中世纪晚期到近代早期的过渡期间，将发现商业知识发展的重要组成部分。