A 'Handelspraktik' (mercantile manual) from Upper Germany and mercantile knowledge around 1500

来自上德国的“Handelspraktik”（商业手册）和 1500 年左右的商业知识

• 批准号: 284225552
• 负责人: Professor Dr. Gerhard Fouquet
• 金额: --
• 依托单位: Historisches Seminar
• 依托单位国家: 德国
• 项目类别: Research Grants
• 财政年份: 2016
• 资助国家: 德国
• 起止时间: 2015-12-31 至 2017-12-31
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://gepris.dfg.de/gepris/projekt/284225552?language=en
• 关键词: Handelspraktik; mercantile; manual; Upper; Germany

The project focuses on a 'Handelspraktik' from Upper Germany, which was probably created in 1511. It is preserved in manuscript at the Herzog August Bibliothek in Wolfenbüttel today (signature: Cod. Guelf. 18.4. Aug. 4o). The scientific term 'Handelspraktik' refers to a type of pragmatic texts of the late Middle Ages and the early Modern Period presenting mercantile knowledge like a compendium for individual or internal use (i.e. notebooks) or distribution within a greater circle of users (i.e. manuals). While mercantile notebooks have emerged since the late thirteenth and manuals since the fifteenth century in Italy, the 'Handelspraktik' of the Wolfenbüttel library is one of the earliest examples for corresponding texts in German-speaking regions. Among other things, this handbook contains information on market conditions and commercial customs, prices and cost calculations, as well as currencies, measurements and weights together with their conversion. The main focus of the text is on the trade with Venice. In addition, particular attention is given to Augsburg and Nuremberg, to a much lesser extent to Frankfurt. Until today, we do not know who compiled the text, but it probably originates from Augsburg.In recent times 'Handelspraktiken' have attracted increasing interest with regard to economic history, yet, there are still substantive shortcomings in research on them. Significantly, the Wolfenbüttel manuscript has been known to the research community for a long time. Up to today, however, there has been no detailed examination of this source that is of great importance for the history of Upper German trade. The project uses the text in order to analyze the mercantile knowledge of the time around 1500, with it being very specialized practical and procedural knowledge, i.e. application-oriented knowledge, which is studied from three analytical perspectives, closely linked with each other: production (processes and conditions of formation), order (contents and their connections), presentation (techniques and forms of dissemination). Systematic comparisons with other 'Handelspraktiken', especially from Upper Germany, but also from Northern Italy and from regions of Northern Germany and the Netherlands, are methodically necessary. Accordingly, by investigating dependencies, analogies and differences, it will be possible to gain insights concerning constitution and composition, continuities and changes, pragmatics and timeliness, in a word: the dynamics of mercantile knowledge in the decades around 1500. With an exemplary focus on the 'Handelspraktik' from 1511, which is especially significant in terms of time, extent and content, as well as by means of its comparative contextualization, an essential part of the development of mercantile knowledge during the transition from the late Middle Ages to the early Modern Period will be uncovered.

该项目的重点是来自上德国的“Handelspraktik”，它可能创作于 1511 年。它的手稿保存在如今沃尔芬比特尔的 Herzog August Bibliothek 中（署名：Cod. Guelf. 18.4. Aug. 4o）。 “Handelspraktik”是指中世纪晚期和现代早期的一种实用文本，呈现商业知识，就像一本供个人或内部使用（即笔记本）或在更大的用户圈子内分发（即手册）的概要虽然商业笔记本自十三世纪末开始出现，手册自十五世纪以来在意大利出现，但 Wolfenbüttel 图书馆的“Handelspraktik”却是。该手册是德语地区最早的相应文本示例之一，其中包含有关市场状况和商业习俗、价格和成本计算以及其他方面的信息。文本的主要重点是与威尼斯的贸易，其次是法兰克福。近来，“Handelspraktiken”引起了人们对经济史越来越多的兴趣，但对它们的研究仍然存在实质性缺陷。沃尔芬比特尔的手稿早已为研究界所知，然而，直到今天，还没有对这一对上德国贸易历史非常重要的资料进行详细的研究。分析1500年前后的商业知识，它是非常专业的实践性和程序性知识，即应用型知识，从三个相互紧密联系的分析角度进行研究：生产（形成的过程和条件）、秩序（内容及其联系）、展示（传播的技术和形式），特别是来自上德国、意大利北部以及德国北部和荷兰地区的系统比较因此是必要的。通过研究依存性、类比和差异，将有可能获得关于构成和构成、连续性和变化、实用性和及时性的见解，简而言之：几十年来商业知识的动态大约 1500 年。以 1511 年的“Handelspraktik”为典范，它在时间、范围和内容方面尤其重要，并且通过其比较情境化，成为转型期间商业知识发展的重要组成部分从中世纪晚期到现代早期的历史将被揭开。