Prebends in Babylonia during the Old Babylonian Period (2000-1600 BC)

古巴比伦时期（公元前 2000-1600 年）巴比伦的预弯

• 批准号: 259495961
• 负责人: Professor Dr. Konrad Volk
• 金额: --
• 依托单位: Abteilung für Altorientalische Philologie
• 依托单位国家: 德国
• 项目类别: Research Grants
• 财政年份: 2014
• 资助国家: 德国
• 起止时间: 2013-12-31 至 2018-12-31
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://gepris.dfg.de/gepris/projekt/259495961?language=en
• 关键词: Prebends; Babylonia; during; Old; Babylonian

The term "prebend" in Ancient Near Eastern studies designates the right to an income from the temple in return for services in the cult of the gods. According to cuneiform sources from Mesopotamia these services included surveillance and maintenance of temple buildings as well as the preparation and presentation of offerings. The prebendal income for these services could - as far as we know - consist of sustenance fields, surplus raw materials, or remains of offerings. As remuneration of the temple personal involved in the cult prebends are an important element within the temple economy, and prebendaries constitute a notable and influential part of the Mesopotamian society.Relevant evidence - i.e. administrative and legal documents, and to some extent descriptions of rituals - is mainly known from the Old Babylonian period (2000-1600 BC) as well as from Neo-Babylonian and Seleucid times (1st millennium BC). While there are numerous studies on prebends in the later periods, studies on the prebendary system in Old Babylonian times are rare. The most recent comprehensive study focussing on prebends in the Old Babylonian period was published 60 years ago (Cocquerillat 1955). Since then many cuneiform documents have been published and new research approaches have been developed, notably the analysis of the sources according to archives.The aim of the project is a systematic analysis of the prebendary system in the Old Babylonian period on the basis of all published Old Babylonian records while taking into consideration familial and archival relations. The analysis will focus on the importance of prebends for society, law, economy, politics and religion. The starting point will be the city of Nippur, which was over centuries the most important religious centre of southern Mesopotamia. The results from Nippur will be compared with the situation in other cities of Babylonia, especially Sippar, Isin, Larsa, and Ur.The first and most important step consists of the compilation of a prosopography of the prebendaries and their families in Nippur. By means of this prosopography one can assemble knowledge of who could own, alienate, and acquire prebends and under which circumstances; of the families to which the prebendaries belonged; of the people with whom they interacted, e.g. through marriage or trade; of the status prebendaries had within the society, and the factors which defined them as a social group. One will gain fundamental insights in the importance of prebends as merchandise, the nature of the prebendary income, e.g. from sustenance fields, the increasing trade in prebends during periods of politic and economic crisis, and the organization of the prebendal system in the temples.The subject will be investigated under different aspects within the fields of Mesopotamian social history, economic history, history of law, and history of religion. Therefore, the results from this research will be of importance in many respects.

古代近东研究中的“预弯曲”一词指的是从寺庙获得收入的权利，以换取神崇拜中的服务。根据来自美索不达米亚的楔形文字资料，这些服务包括监视和维护寺庙建筑以及准备和展示祭品。据我们所知，这些服务的预收收入可能包括自给自足的田地、剩余原材料或剩余的祭品。由于参与邪教预祭的神庙个人的报酬是神庙经济中的一个重要组成部分，而预祭构成了美索不达米亚社会值得注意和有影响力的一部分。相关证据——即行政和法律文件，以及在某种程度上对仪式的描述——主要从古巴比伦时期（公元前2000-1600年）以及新巴比伦和塞琉古时期（第一个千年公元前）。虽然后期对预弯的研究很多，但对古巴比伦时代预弯系统的研究却很少。最新的专注于古巴比伦时期预弯的综合研究发表于 60 年前（Cocquerillat 1955）。从那时起，许多楔形文字文献被出版，新的研究方法也被开发出来，特别是根据档案对来源进行分析。该项目的目的是在所有已发表的文献的基础上，对古巴比伦时期的前体系统进行系统分析。古巴比伦的记录同时考虑到家庭和档案关系。分析将重点关注预弯对社会、法律、经济、政治和宗教的重要性。起点将是尼普尔市，几个世纪以来，它一直是美索不达米亚南部最重要的宗教中心。尼普尔的调查结果将与巴比伦其他城市的情况进行比较，特别是西帕尔、伊辛、拉尔萨和乌尔。第一步也是最重要的一步包括编写尼普尔的准主教及其家人的面貌学。通过这种相貌学，人们可以收集关于谁可以拥有、转让和获得预弯以及在什么情况下的知识；准继承人所属的家庭；与他们互动的人，例如通过婚姻或贸易；准继承人在社会中的地位，以及将他们定义为社会群体的因素。人们将对预弯曲作为商品的重要性、预弯曲收入的性质（例如，预弯曲）获得基本见解。从维持生计、政治和经济危机时期预弯贸易的增加，以及寺庙中预弯系统的组织等方面进行研究。该主题将在美索不达米亚社会史、经济史、法律史等领域的不同方面进行研究和宗教史。因此，这项研究的结果在许多方面都具有重要意义。