RAPID: Sources and Fluxes of CO2 during the 2023 Fagradsfjall Eruption using drone- and ground- based sampling and measurement techniques

RAPID：使用无人机和地面采样和测量技术研究 2023 年 Fagradsfjall 喷发期间二氧化碳的来源和通量

• 批准号: 2336217
• 负责人: Tobias Fischer
• 金额: $ 1.45万
• 依托单位: University of New Mexico
• 依托单位国家: 美国
• 项目类别: Standard Grant
• 财政年份: 2023
• 资助国家: 美国
• 起止时间: 2023-08-01 至 2024-07-31
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/showAward?AWD_ID=2336217&HistoricalAwards=false
• 关键词: RAPID; Sources; Fluxes; CO2; during

Fagradsfjall Volcano or more specifically Litli Hrútur, located in southwest Iceland erupted on July 10, 2023 at about 6 PM local time. The volcano built up activity over the past few months. The most recent activity began with ground inflation, a common occurrence before eruptions, in April 2023 in the western Reykjanes Peninsula. Ground swelling occurred at rates up to about 1 cm per month and indicated that magma was accumulating at 15 km depth beneath the volcano. Accumulating magma at volcanoes emits gases that are dominated by water vapor, carbon dioxide and sulfur gases. These gases rise from depth and escape through vents and cracks at the surface. Previous eruptions from Fagradalsfjall volcano have produced lava flows that came from up to 24 km below the surface. Researchers on this project will collect samples and measure gases at the beginning and throughout the current eruption to investigate whether the gas sources are from deep in the Earth’s crust and mantle. The work compares gas compositions including sulfur and carbon as well as carbon isotopes to pinpoint the origin of magmatic gas and the depths to its source. Researchers will also quantify the total amount of gases emitted per day. The results can be used to evaluate how much magma may still be beneath the volcano and ready to erupt. The work will also determine whether the currently erupting magma is fed by deeper magma that may erupt in the near future. The information gained at Litli Hrútur eruption will provide valuable insights into processes that may also occur at other hazardous volcanoes. This project will provide access for scientists to examine the current eruption of Fagradsfjall or more specifically Litli Hrútur, located in southwest Iceland. The purpose of this request is to collect gas samples from the eruption plume as well as measure the SO2 flux and CO2/SO2 ratio during the ongoing eruption utilizing UAVs. The samples will be analyzed utilizing an instrument that University of New Mexico has had running in at the University of Iceland to obtain carbon isotope values of the erupting CO2. The data obtained will provide constraints on the sources of CO2 and the dynamics of magma degassing during the eruption. The previous eruption at Fagradsfjall which occurred in 2021 tapped into a magma reservoir that was located at about 20 km depth just at or below the Moho. As the eruption evolved the lavas erupting at the surface were sourced from greater and greater depth. The current eruption may progress in the same manner and allow sampling of CO2 that originates from great depth and is transferred rapidly to the surface. This transfer will provide a unique opportunity to constrain the carbon isotope composition of the deep Icelandic mantle and constrain any contribution of recycled carbon into the Icelandic Plume Source region. In addition, time-series data collection of CO2/SO2 ratios combined with SO2 flux measurements will allow researcher to compute the CO2 flux from the eruption and evaluate how much magma is degassing during the eruption and from what depth this magma is sourced. That combination of information (CO2 flux, magma degassing depth, amount of magma involved in degassing and CO2 source) during the ongoing eruption will provide unprecedented details on the processes of degassing at such a dynamic basaltic eruption. The resulting data has applications to other basaltic eruptions at hot spot volcanoes such as Kīlauea, Hawaiʻi.This award reflects NSF's statutory mission and has been deemed worthy of support through evaluation using the Foundation's intellectual merit and broader impacts review criteria.

位于冰岛西南部的Fagradsfjall火山或更具体的LitliHrútur于2023年7月10日爆发，当地时间左右左右。在过去的几个月中，火山积累了活动。最近的活动始于地面通货膨胀，这是2023年4月在雷克雅内斯半岛的爆发前发生的常见。地面肿胀以每月约1厘米的速度发生，表明岩浆在火山下方的深度15公里处积聚。在火山上积聚的岩浆会发出以水蒸气，二氧化碳和硫气为主导的气体。这些气体从深度升高，并通过表面上的通风口和裂缝逸出。 Fagradalsfjall火山的先前爆发产生了从表面以下24公里的熔岩流。该项目的研究人员将收集样品并在整个目前的喷发中测量气体，以研究气体是否来自地球和地幔深处。这项工作比较了包括硫和碳以及碳同位素在内的气体成分，以查明岩浆气体及其深度的起源。研究人员还将量化每天发出的气体总量。结果可用于评估火山下可能仍在多少岩浆并准备爆发的岩浆。这项工作还将确定当前爆发的岩浆是否由在不久的将来可能爆发的更深的岩浆喂养。在LitliHrútur爆发中获得的信息将为可能发生在其他有害火山的过程中提供宝贵的见解。该项目将为科学家提供访问权限，以检查当前位于冰岛西南部的Fagradsfjall或更具体的LitliHrútur。该请求的目的是从喷发羽流中收集气体样品，并测量正在进行的喷发利用无人机期间的SO2通量和CO2/SO2比率。这些样品将使用新墨西哥大学在冰岛大学跑步以获取爆发CO2的碳同位素值的工具进行分析。获得的数据将对二氧化碳来源和喷发过程中岩浆脱气的动态提供约束。在2021年发生的Fagradsfjall的先前喷发率挖到了位于Moho的20公里深度约20公里的岩浆储层。随着喷发的发展，表面爆发的熔岩从越来越深的深度中产生。当前的喷发可能以相同的方式进行，并允许对始于深度并迅速转移到表面的二氧化碳进行采样。这种转移将提供一个独特的机会来限制深冰岛地幔的碳同位素组成，并限制再生碳对冰岛羽流源区域的任何贡献。此外，与SO2通量测量结果相结合的二氧化碳/SO2比的时间序列数据收集将使研究人员能够从喷发中计算二氧化碳通量，并评估喷发过程中的岩浆脱胶以及该岩浆采购的岩浆的深度。在持续的喷发过程中，信息的组合（二氧化碳通量，岩浆脱气深度，参与脱气和二氧化碳来源的岩浆量）将提供有关这种动态底层爆发时脱气过程的前所未有的细节。最终的数据在夏威夷基拉伊亚（Kīlauea）等热点火山的其他玄武岩爆发中应用。该奖项反映了NSF的坚定任务，并通过使用基金会的知识分子优点和更广泛的影响来审查标准，通过评估来通过评估来获得珍贵的支持。