RAPID: Sources and Fluxes of CO2 during the 2023 Fagradsfjall Eruption using drone- and ground- based sampling and measurement techniques

RAPID：使用无人机和地面采样和测量技术研究 2023 年 Fagradsfjall 喷发期间二氧化碳的来源和通量

• 批准号: 2336217
• 负责人: Tobias Fischer
• 金额: $ 1.45万
• 依托单位: University of New Mexico
• 依托单位国家: 美国
• 项目类别: Standard Grant
• 财政年份: 2023
• 资助国家: 美国
• 起止时间: 2023-08-01 至 2024-07-31
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/showAward?AWD_ID=2336217&HistoricalAwards=false
• 关键词: RAPID; Sources; Fluxes; CO2; during

Fagradsfjall Volcano or more specifically Litli Hrútur, located in southwest Iceland erupted on July 10, 2023 at about 6 PM local time. The volcano built up activity over the past few months. The most recent activity began with ground inflation, a common occurrence before eruptions, in April 2023 in the western Reykjanes Peninsula. Ground swelling occurred at rates up to about 1 cm per month and indicated that magma was accumulating at 15 km depth beneath the volcano. Accumulating magma at volcanoes emits gases that are dominated by water vapor, carbon dioxide and sulfur gases. These gases rise from depth and escape through vents and cracks at the surface. Previous eruptions from Fagradalsfjall volcano have produced lava flows that came from up to 24 km below the surface. Researchers on this project will collect samples and measure gases at the beginning and throughout the current eruption to investigate whether the gas sources are from deep in the Earth’s crust and mantle. The work compares gas compositions including sulfur and carbon as well as carbon isotopes to pinpoint the origin of magmatic gas and the depths to its source. Researchers will also quantify the total amount of gases emitted per day. The results can be used to evaluate how much magma may still be beneath the volcano and ready to erupt. The work will also determine whether the currently erupting magma is fed by deeper magma that may erupt in the near future. The information gained at Litli Hrútur eruption will provide valuable insights into processes that may also occur at other hazardous volcanoes. This project will provide access for scientists to examine the current eruption of Fagradsfjall or more specifically Litli Hrútur, located in southwest Iceland. The purpose of this request is to collect gas samples from the eruption plume as well as measure the SO2 flux and CO2/SO2 ratio during the ongoing eruption utilizing UAVs. The samples will be analyzed utilizing an instrument that University of New Mexico has had running in at the University of Iceland to obtain carbon isotope values of the erupting CO2. The data obtained will provide constraints on the sources of CO2 and the dynamics of magma degassing during the eruption. The previous eruption at Fagradsfjall which occurred in 2021 tapped into a magma reservoir that was located at about 20 km depth just at or below the Moho. As the eruption evolved the lavas erupting at the surface were sourced from greater and greater depth. The current eruption may progress in the same manner and allow sampling of CO2 that originates from great depth and is transferred rapidly to the surface. This transfer will provide a unique opportunity to constrain the carbon isotope composition of the deep Icelandic mantle and constrain any contribution of recycled carbon into the Icelandic Plume Source region. In addition, time-series data collection of CO2/SO2 ratios combined with SO2 flux measurements will allow researcher to compute the CO2 flux from the eruption and evaluate how much magma is degassing during the eruption and from what depth this magma is sourced. That combination of information (CO2 flux, magma degassing depth, amount of magma involved in degassing and CO2 source) during the ongoing eruption will provide unprecedented details on the processes of degassing at such a dynamic basaltic eruption. The resulting data has applications to other basaltic eruptions at hot spot volcanoes such as Kīlauea, Hawaiʻi.This award reflects NSF's statutory mission and has been deemed worthy of support through evaluation using the Foundation's intellectual merit and broader impacts review criteria.

Fagradsfjall 火山，更具体地说，位于冰岛西南部的 Litli Hrútur 火山于当地时间 2023 年 7 月 10 日下午 6 点左右喷发，该火山在过去几个月中开始活动，最近的活动始于地面膨胀，这是喷发前常见的情况。 2023 年 4 月，雷克雅未克半岛西部的地面膨胀速度高达每月约 1 厘米，表明岩浆正在积聚在 15 公里处。火山处积聚的岩浆释放出主要为水蒸气、二氧化碳和硫磺气体的气体，这些气体从深处升起并通过地表的喷口和裂缝逸出。该项目的研究人员将在喷发开始时和整个喷发过程中收集样本并测量气体，以调查气体来源是否来自地壳深处。这项工作比较了包括硫和碳以及碳同位素在内的气体成分，以查明岩浆气体的来源及其来源的深度，研究结果还可用于量化每天排放的气体总量。评估火山下方仍有多少岩浆可供喷发，这项工作还将确定当前喷发的岩浆是否是由近期可能喷发的更深的岩浆供给的。赫鲁图尔火山喷发将为科学家提供对其他危险火山也可能发生的过程的宝贵见解，以研究位于冰岛西南部的法格拉德斯山（Fagradsfjall）或更具体的利特利赫鲁图尔火山（Litli Hrútur）当前的喷发情况。此请求的目的是收集数据。使用无人机收集喷发羽流中的气体样本，并测量正在进行的喷发期间的二氧化硫通量和二氧化碳/二氧化硫比率。这些样本将利用新墨西哥大学拥有的仪器进行分析。冰岛大学正在研究喷发的二氧化碳的碳同位素值，所获得的数据将为二氧化碳的来源和火山喷发期间岩浆脱气的动态提供限制。进入位于莫霍面或以下约 20 公里深度的岩浆库中，随着喷发的发展，地表喷发的熔岩来自越来越深的地方。当前的喷发可能以同样的方式进行，并允许对源自深层并迅速转移到地表的二氧化碳进行采样，这种转移将为限制冰岛地幔深处的碳同位素组成和限制任何贡献提供一个独特的机会。此外，二氧化碳/二氧化硫比率的时间序列数据收集与二氧化硫通量测量相结合，将使研究人员能够计算喷发产生的二氧化碳通量，并评估有多少岩浆正在脱气。喷发期间的信息以及岩浆的来源深度（二氧化碳通量、岩浆脱气深度、参与脱气的岩浆量和二氧化碳来源）将提供有关在这种情况下脱气过程的前所未有的详细信息。所得数据可应用于夏威夷基拉韦厄等热点火山的其他玄武岩喷发。该奖项反映了 NSF 的法定使命，并被认为是值得的。通过使用基金会的智力优势和更广泛的影响审查标准进行评估来提供支持。