Collaborative Research: ARTS: Identifying diversity, describing species, and revising taxonomy of New Guinean snakes

合作研究：ARTS：识别多样性、描述物种并修订新几内亚蛇的分类法

• 批准号: 2224119
• 负责人: Sara Ruane
• 金额: $ 20.6万
• 依托单位: Field Museum of Natural History
• 依托单位国家: 美国
• 项目类别: Standard Grant
• 财政年份: 2022
• 资助国家: 美国
• 起止时间: 2022-04-01 至 2025-01-31
• 项目状态: 未结题
• 来源: https://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/showAward?AWD_ID=2224119&HistoricalAwards=false
• 关键词: Collaborative; Research; ARTS; Identifying; diversity

Located just north of Australia, the island of New Guinea is a biodiversity hotspot but one of the least studied regions of the world. Simultaneously, New Guinea suffers from high rates of deforestation; from 1972 - 2002, 24% of the eastern half of the island's forests were cleared or degraded through logging. This means that there are many threatened organisms that we know little about. Although not as popular with humans as animals like birds of paradise, snakes are important to the ecology of the island, with many snakes being top predators that have large impacts on the ecosystem. Snakes also provide lesser known but important benefits to humans, such as medical drugs made from venoms. Despite the importance of snakes in the island ecosystem, the majority of New Guinean species remain poorly studied and there are likely many species not yet described. This project focuses on two of the most poorly studied groups of snakes in New Guinea, the groundsnakes and the keelbacks. Scientific efforts for this project include expeditions to New Guinea to find these snakes, gather genetic and morphological data, and use this information to identify new species, determine how the species are related to each other, and place these species in the broader context of snake relationships, ultimately resulting in novel contributions to the assessment of New Guinean biodiversity. This work also provides new scientific training to the senior scientists conducting the study and to undergraduates and graduate students from both the United States and New Guinea. Resulting publications will be open-access and online wiki pages will be created for each new species discovered with the help of undergraduate students funded by this work; all results can thus be accessed by scientists, educators, and the global public alike. The senior scientists will also use both their associated museum and university platforms to publicly present results at all educational levels, from children to adults. This interweaving of science and education will train effective scientists, contribute to public knowledge, and foster international relations. The alpha taxonomy of New Guinean snakes is poorly known and multiple lines of evidence suggest substantial undescribed diversity (only ca. 75% of species are currently recognized). Furthermore, few or none of the species from the focal genera have been included in published molecular phylogenies and thus are essentially unknowns in modern systematic studies. This project has four fundamental objectives: (1) Conduct fieldwork in Papua New Guinea, as well as in Indonesia and the Philippines, to complement current sampling for groundsnakes (Stegonotus) and keelbacks (Tropidonophis) for use in high-throughput DNA sequencing efforts (target capture) and contemporary morphological data collection by generating high-resolution CT scans and including contrast-enhanced scans stained with diffusible iodine. (2) Use museum specimens to fill in sampling gaps when fresh tissues are unobtainable using a recently published protocol for sequencing of fluid-preserved specimens. (3) Describe new species and the intrageneric relationships from the focal genera in a revisionary monograph based on a combination of molecular and morphological data. (4) Train the next generation of taxonomists and simultaneously expand the tool kit for both the principal investigators and for U.S. and Papua New Guinea undergraduate and graduate students.This award reflects NSF's statutory mission and has been deemed worthy of support through evaluation using the Foundation's intellectual merit and broader impacts review criteria.

新几内亚岛位于澳大利亚北部，是生物多样性热点地区，但却是世界上研究最少的地区之一。与此同时，新几内亚的森林砍伐率也很高。 1972年至2002年，该岛东半部的森林有24%被砍伐或因伐木而退化。这意味着有许多我们知之甚少的受威胁生物。虽然蛇不像天堂鸟等动物那样受到人类的欢迎，但蛇对岛上的生态很重要，许多蛇是顶级掠食者，对生态系统有很大影响。蛇还为人类提供鲜为人知但重要的好处，例如用毒液制成的药物。尽管蛇在岛屿生态系统中很重要，但大多数新几内亚物种的研究仍然很少，而且可能有许多物种尚未被描述。该项目重点关注新几内亚研究最差的两种蛇类：地蛇和龙骨蛇。该项目的科学工作包括前往新几内亚寻找这些蛇，收集遗传和形态数据，并利用这些信息来识别新物种，确定物种之间的关系，并将这些物种置于更广泛的蛇背景中关系，最终为新几内亚生物多样性的评估做出新的贡献。这项工作还为进行这项研究的资深科学家以及来自美国和新几内亚的本科生和研究生提供了新的科学培训。由此产生的出版物将是开放获取的，并且在这项工作资助的本科生的帮助下，将为每个发现的新物种创建在线维基页面；因此，科学家、教育工作者和全球公众都可以获取所有结果。资深科学家还将利用其相关的博物馆和大学平台公开展示从儿童到成人的所有教育级别的研究结果。科学与教育的这种交织将培养高效的科学家，为公共知识做出贡献，并促进国际关系。新几内亚蛇的阿尔法分类学鲜为人知，多种证据表明存在大量未描述的多样性（目前仅约 75% 的物种得到认可）。此外，来自焦点属的物种很少或没有被包括在已发表的分子系统发育中，因此在现代系统研究中基本上是未知的。该项目有四个基本目标：(1) 在巴布亚新几内亚以及印度尼西亚和菲律宾进行实地调查，以补充目前对地蛇 (Stegonotus) 和龙骨鱼 (Tropidonophis) 进行的采样，以用于高通量 DNA 测序工作。目标捕获）和通过生成高分辨率 CT 扫描并包括用扩散碘染色的对比增强扫描来收集当代形态学数据。 (2) 当使用最近发布的液体保存标本测序方案无法获得新鲜组织时，使用博物馆标本来填补采样空白。 (3) 基于分子和形态学数据的结合，在修订专着中描述新物种和焦点属的属内关系。 (4) 培训下一代分类学家，同时扩展主要研究人员以及美国和巴布亚新几内亚本科生和研究生的工具包。该奖项反映了 NSF 的法定使命，并通过使用基金会的评估进行评估，认为值得支持。智力价值和更广泛的影响审查标准。

项目成果

Maximizing Molecular Data From Low-Quality Fluid-Preserved Specimens in Natural History Collections

最大限度地利用自然历史收藏中低质量液体保存标本的分子数据

• DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2022.893088
• 发表时间: 2022-06
• 期刊: Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution
• 影响因子: 3
• 作者: Bernstein, Justin M.;Ruane, Sara
• 通讯作者: Ruane, Sara

Phylogenomics of Fresh and Formalin Specimens Resolves the Systematics of Old World Mud Snakes (Serpentes:Homalopsidae) and Expands Biogeographic Inference

新鲜和福尔马林标本的系统发育学解决了旧世界泥蛇（蛇类：Homalopsidae）的系统学问题并扩展了生物地理学推断

• 发表时间: 2023-09
• 期刊: Bulletin of the Society of Systematic Biologists
• 作者: Bernstein, J. M.;de Souza, H. F.;Murphy, J. C.;Voris, H. K.;Brown, R. M.;Myers, E. A.;Harrington, S.;Shanker, K.;& Ruane, S.
• 通讯作者: & Ruane, S.

Empirical and philosophical problems with the subspecies rank

亚种等级的经验和哲学问题

• DOI: 10.1002/ece3.9069
• 发表时间: 2022-07
• 期刊: Ecology and Evolution
• 影响因子: 2.6
• 作者: Burbrink, Frank T.;Crother, Brian I.;Murray, Christopher M.;Smith, Brian Tilston;Ruane, Sara;Myers, Edward A.;Pyron, Robert Alexander
• 通讯作者: Pyron, Robert Alexander