Exploring & Exploiting the Dynamic Optical Sky

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• 批准号: 2034437
• 负责人: Shrinivas Kulkarni
• 金额: $ 500万
• 依托单位: California Institute of Technology
• 依托单位国家: 美国
• 项目类别: Continuing Grant
• 财政年份: 2020
• 资助国家: 美国
• 起止时间: 2020-12-01 至 2024-11-30
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/showAward?AWD_ID=2034437&HistoricalAwards=false
• 关键词: Exploring; & Exploiting; Dynamic; Optical

For millennia, human beings have noticed "new stars" appearing and disappearing in the night sky. Thanks to advances in sensors, computation and algorithms astronomers are now able to discover millions of changes in the night sky. The objects range from near-earth asteroids to explosive stellar deaths across the Universe. This vibrant field of “time-domain astronomy” is now addressing fundamental scientific questions such as the origin of the elements in the Universe, as well as playing a critical role in identifying exotic astronomical events which are bright in gravitational waves or neutrinos and providing unique insights into stars. Time-domain astronomy is one of the four scientific pillars of the Vera Rubin Observatory, the NSF’s high priority ground-based observatory for the next decade. The Zwicky Transient Facility (ZTF) is preparing the astronomy community including students to become adept users of the Rubin Observatory. ZTF-II builds on the success of ZTF-I which began survey operations in March 2018 and has been responsible for 50% of global supernova discoveries over the past year, along with a slew of other discoveries from both the real-time alert stream and the multi-billion object catalog releases. This award advances the goals of the Windows on the Universe Big Idea via ZTF’s strong relevance to Multi-Messenger Astrophysics.ZTF-II is a state-of-the art time-domain survey employing a 47 square degrees field-of-view camera on the Palomar 48-inch Samuel Oschin Schmidt telescope. It operates a public survey covering the visible northern sky (declination above -30 degrees) every 2 nights in g- and r-bands to about 20.5 magnitude. Each ZTF observation is processed by an image differencing pipeline which generates real-time alerts for all 5-sigma detections of point-source transient events, amounting to several hundred thousand alerts per night. These alerts contain thumbnail images of the discovery image, a reference image, and the difference between the two, as well as a 30-day light curve history, and various metadata, such as a real-bogus score, details of the nearest PS1 source, and pipeline parameters. Daily spectral classifications of all supernovae brighter than 18.5 mag are obtained using a robotic spectrometer and announced via the Transient Name Server. Each ZTF observation is also processed by a Point Spread Function photometry pipeline which produces a single epoch catalog covering all identified sources. These are archived at IPAC and used to create light-curves for all detected objects in ZTF data releases - in ZTF-II, these will be released on a 2-month cycle starting in 2021.This award reflects NSF's statutory mission and has been deemed worthy of support through evaluation using the Foundation's intellectual merit and broader impacts review criteria.

几千年来，人类注意到“新星”在夜空中出现并消失。感谢传感器，计算和算法天文学家的进步现在能够发现夜空中数百万个变化。物体从近地小行星到整个宇宙的爆炸性恒星死亡。这个充满活力的“时间域天文学”领域现在正在解决诸如宇宙元素的起源之类的基本科学问题，并且在识别引力波或神经元中明亮的外来天文学事件中发挥着关键作用，并为星星提供了独特的见解。时间域天文学是Vera Rubin天文台的四个科学支柱之一，Vera Rubin天文台是NSF在接下来的十年中的高优先级基于地面的观察。 Zwicky瞬态设施（ZTF）正在为包括学生在内的天文学界做好准备，以成为鲁宾天文台的熟练使用者。 ZTF-II建立在ZTF-I的成功基础上，ZTF-I从2018年3月开始进行调查运营，并在过去一年中占全球超新星发现的50％，以及从实时警报流和数十亿个物体目录目录版本中的其他发现。该奖项通过ZTF与Multi-Messenger Astrophysics的强烈相关性。ZTF-II是一项最先进的时间域调查，该奖项通过ZTF的强烈相关性，是在Palomar 48英寸英寸Samuel Oschin Schmidt telescope上使用47平方学的视野摄像头。它经营一项公开调查，涵盖每2晚的北方天空（以上低于-30度）的北方和R波段，至约20.5级。每个ZTF观察都通过图像区分管道来处理，该图像为所有5-刻板的示意瞬态事件的检测生成实时警报，每晚达到数十万个警报。这些警报包含发现图像的缩略图图像，参考图像以及两者之间的差异，以及30天的光曲线历史记录以及各种元数据，例如真实的bogus分数，最近的PS1源的详细信息和管道参数。使用机器人光谱仪获得了所有超过18.5 mag的所有超新星的每日光谱分类，并通过瞬态名称服务器宣布。每个ZTF观测值也通过点扩散函数光度计管道处理，该函数光度法管道产生覆盖所有已识别来源的单个时期目录。这些是在IPAC上存档的，用于为ZTF数据发行中的所有检测到的对象创建光曲线 - 在ZTF-II中，这些将从2021年开始在2个月的周期中发布。这一奖项反映了NSF的法定任务，并以评估的智力功能和广泛的影响来评估NSF的法定任务。

项目成果

A Luminous X-Ray Transient in SDSS J143359.16+400636.0: A Likely Tidal Disruption Event

• DOI: 10.3847/1538-4357/abde34
• 发表时间: 2020-10
• 期刊: The Astrophysical Journal
• 作者: M. Brightman;C. Ward;D. Stern;K. Mooley;K. De;S. Gezari;S. van Velzen;I. Andreoni;M. Graham-M.-Grah

Comet P/2021 HS (PANSTARRS) and the Challenge of Detecting Low-activity Comets

彗星 P/2021 HS (PANSTARRS) 和探测低活动彗星的挑战

• DOI: 10.3847/psj/acbfbb
• 发表时间: 2023
• 期刊: The Planetary Science Journal
• 作者: Ye, Quanzhi;Kelley, Michael S.;Bauer, James M.;Farnham, Tony L.;Bodewits, Dennis;Buzzi, Luca;Weryk, Robert;Masci, Frank J.;Medford, Michael S.;Riddle, Reed
• 通讯作者: Riddle, Reed

A very luminous jet from the disruption of a star by a massive black hole

• DOI: 10.1038/s41586-022-05465-8
• 发表时间: 2022-11
• 期刊: Nature
• 影响因子: 64.8
• 作者: I. Andreoni;M. Coughlin;D. Perley;Yuhan Yao;Wenbin Lu;S. Cenko;H. Kumar;S. Anand;A. Ho;M. Kasliwal;A. de Ugarte Postigo;Ana Sagués-Carracedo;S. Schulze;D. A. Kann;S. Kulkarni;J. Sollerman;N. Tanvir;A. Rest;L. Izzo;J. Somalwar;David L. Kaplan;T. Ahumada;G. Anupama;K. Auchettl;S. Barway;E. Bellm;V. Bhalerao;J. Bloom;M. Bremer;M. Bulla;E. Burns;S. Campana;P. Chandra;P. Charalampopoulos;J. Cooke;V. D’Elia;K. Das;D. Dobie;José Feliciano Agüí Fernández;J. Freeburn;C. Fremling;S. Gezari;S. Goode;M. Graham;E. Hammerstein;V. Karambelkar;C. Kilpatrick;E. Kool;M. Krips;R. Laher;G. Leloudas;A. Levan;M. Lundquist;A. Mahabal;M. Medford;M. Miller;A. Möller;K. Mooley;A. Nayana;G. Nir;P. T. Pang;E. Paraskeva;R. Perley;G. Petitpas;M. Pursiainen;V. Ravi;R. Ridden-Harper;R. Riddle;M. Rigault;Antonio C. Rodriguez;B. Rusholme;Y. Sharma;I. A. Smith;R. D. Stein;C. Thöne;A. Tohuvavohu;F. Valdes;J. van Roestel;S. Vergani;Qinan Wang;Jielai Zhang

Cosmological Fast Optical Transients with the Zwicky Transient Facility: A Search for Dirty Fireballs

• DOI: 10.3847/1538-4357/ac8bd0
• 发表时间: 2022-01
• 期刊: The Astrophysical Journal
• 作者: A. Ho;D. Perley;Yuhan Yao;D. Svinkin;A. U. Postigo;R. Perley;D. A. Kann;E. Burns;I. Andreoni;E. Bellm;E. Bissaldi;J. Bloom;T. Brink;R. Dekany;A. Drake;J. F. Agüí Fernández;A. Filippenko;D. Frederiks;M. Graham;B. Hristov;M. Kasliwal;S. Kulkarni;H. Kumar;R. Laher;A. Lysenko;B. Mailyan;C. Malacaria;A. Miller;S. Poolakkil;R. Riddle;A. Ridnaia;B. Rusholme;V. Savchenko;J. Sollerman;C. Thöne;A. Tsvetkova;M. Ulanov;A. Kienlin

Foraging with MUSHROOMS: A Mixed-integer Linear Programming Scheduler for Multimessenger Target of Opportunity Searches with the Zwicky Transient Facility

• DOI: 10.3847/1538-4357/ac7fa2
• 发表时间: 2022-02
• 期刊: The Astrophysical Journal
• 作者: B. Parazin;M. Coughlin;L. Singer;Vaidehi Gupta;S. Anand