Multi-decadal year-round CO2 and CH4 fluxes to understand long-term impact of climate change on the Arctic carbon balance

多年的二氧化碳和甲烷通量，以了解气候变化对北极碳平衡的长期影响

• 批准号: 1932900
• 负责人: Donatella Zona
• 金额: $ 99.99万
• 依托单位: San Diego State University Foundation
• 依托单位国家: 美国
• 项目类别: Standard Grant
• 财政年份: 2020
• 资助国家: 美国
• 起止时间: 2020-08-01 至 2025-07-31
• 项目状态: 未结题
• 来源: https://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/showAward?AWD_ID=1932900&HistoricalAwards=false
• 关键词: Multi; decadal; year; round; CO2

Organic carbon in northern soils is more than double the current atmospheric pool. An increasing fraction of this organic carbon is vulnerable to conversion to carbon dioxide (CO2) and methane (CH4). However, there are still large uncertainties in the potential rates of carbon loss from the Arctic with climate change because of the sparse spatial and year-around data from Arctic ecosystems. Temperatures in far northern latitudes have increased by 0.6 °C in the last 30 years, which is twice the global average with the largest increase in the non-summer seasons. This increase has been linked to increased atmospheric concentration of greenhouse gas (GHG) fluxes in high latitude wetlands but the drivers of this renewed growth are still largely uncertain. It is impossible to predict or attribute changes in atmospheric greenhouse gas concentration to increased carbon loss from Arctic ecosystems without a long-term record from tundra ecosystems. Particularly unknown is the response of cold season carbon loss from the Arctic, given the sparse data available outside of the summer period. This project will generate the long-term continuous data critical to identify temporal changes in GHG balance from the Arctic and will attempt to identify how changing cold season climatic conditions may alter annual Arctic greenhouse gas release to the atmosphere. This knowledge is required to inform current and future models and help ensure rigorous predictions of future GHG emissions from the Arctic. This project will support continued engagement of under-represented students in the Arctic. The project will conduct outreach at the local middle and high schools in Utqiagvik, Alaska, and will continue to collaborate with Ilisagvik College to involve the local students into research activities.This project establishes long-term, year-round field observations to better understand the controls on greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from the Arctic at time scales that will encompass climate change and variability. This project will allow creating the longest running year-round Arctic eddy covariance network, and to standardize, upgrade, and apply the network to improve understanding of the long-term effects of climate variability and change on trace gas feedbacks from the Arctic. This project will make existing data more useful and will expand an already large user base. A special emphasis will be on the fall zero curtain period when an unfrozen soil layer hovers around 0°C supporting significant CO2 and CH4 releases to the atmosphere. Zero curtain processes plausibly explain how upland tundra can be a larger emitter of CH4 than low-lying, wet tundra, and how the cold seasons might emit more CH4 than the summer. Five Arctic eddy covariance flux towers will be used to evaluate the long-term changes in the CO2 and CH4 fluxes across three moisture environments in Utqiagvik and a ~300km latitudinal gradient passing through Atqasuk and Ivotuk. These measurements are intended to be of sufficient duration and breadth to capture and interpret the effect of extreme and/or unexpected events on GHG fluxes in the Arctic. This project will allow expansion of the time-series to a more than 20-year record of CO2 and 11-year record of CH4 fluxes, resulting in an unprecedented dataset critical to refining our analytical and predictive ability of the controls of CH4 loss from the Arctic.This award reflects NSF's statutory mission and has been deemed worthy of support through evaluation using the Foundation's intellectual merit and broader impacts review criteria.

北方土壤中的有机碳是目前大气库的两倍多，越来越多的有机碳容易转化为二氧化碳 (CO2) 和甲烷 (CH4)。然而，碳的潜在比率仍然存在很大的不确定性。由于北极生态系统的空间和全年数据稀疏，北极因气候变化而遭受的损失在过去30年里，极北纬度地区的气温上升了0.6°C，是全球平均水平的两倍，增幅最大。这种增长与高纬度湿地大气中温室气体（GHG）通量的增加有关，但这种重新增长的驱动因素在很大程度上仍然不确定。由于夏季以外的可用数据很少，因此在没有苔原生态系统的长期记录的情况下，特别未知的是北极冷季碳损失的反应。 - 长期连续数据关键确定北极温室气体平衡的时间变化，并将尝试确定寒冷季节气候条件的变化如何改变北极每年向大气中排放的温室气体，需要这些知识为当前和未来的模型提供信息，并有助于确保对未来温室气体的严格预测。该项目将支持北极地区代表性不足的学生继续参与该项目将在阿拉斯加州乌特恰格维克当地的初中和高中进行推广，并将继续与伊利萨维克学院合作，让当地学生参与其中。该项目建立了长期、全年的实地观测，以更好地了解在涵盖气候变化和变异性的时间尺度上对北极温室气体（GHG）排放的控制。该项目将创造最长的运行时间。全年北极涡流协方差网络，并对网络进行标准化、升级和应用，以提高对气候变率和变化对北极微量气体反馈的长期影响的了解。扩大已经庞大的用户群。重点将放在秋季零幕期，此时未冻结的土壤层徘徊在 0°C 左右，支持大量二氧化碳和甲烷释放到大气中，零幕过程合理地解释了高地苔原为何比低洼潮湿的甲烷排放量更大。苔原，以及寒冷季节如何比夏季排放更多的 CH4 五个北极涡流协方差通量塔将用于评估三个潮湿环境中 CO2 和 CH4 通量的长期变化。 Utqiagvik 和穿过 Atqasuk 和 Ivotuk 的约 300 公里纬度梯度，这些测量的目的是具有足够的持续时间和广度，以捕获和解释极端和/或意外事件对北极温室气体通量的影响。超过 20 年的 CO2 记录和 11 年的 CH4 通量记录的时间序列，产生了前所未有的数据集，对于提高我们的分析和预测能力至关重要该奖项反映了 NSF 的法定使命，并通过使用基金会的智力价值和更广泛的影响审查标准进行评估，被认为值得支持。

项目成果

Carbon uptake in Eurasian boreal forests dominates the high‐latitude net ecosystem carbon budget

• DOI: 10.1111/gcb.16553
• 发表时间: 2023-01
• 期刊: Global Change Biology
• 影响因子: 11.6
• 作者: J. Watts;M. Farina;J. Kimball;L. Schiferl;Zhihua Liu;K. Arndt;D. Zona;A. Ballantyne;E. Euskirchen;F. Parmentier;M. Helbig;O. Sonnentag;T. Tagesson;J. Rinne;H. Ikawa;M. Ueyama;Hideki Kobayashi;T. Sachs;D. Nadeau;J. Kochendorfer;M. Jackowicz-Korczynski;Anna‐Maria Virkkala;M. Aurela;R. Commane;B. Byrne;L. Birch;Matthew S. Johnson;N. Madani;B. Rogers;Jinyang Du;Arthur Endsley;K. Savage;B. Poulter;Zhen Zhang;L. Bruhwiler;C. Miller;S. Goetz;W. Oechel

Seasonality buffers carbon budget variability across heterogeneous landscapes in Alaskan Arctic tundra

• DOI: 10.1088/1748-9326/abe2d1
• 发表时间: 2021-02
• 期刊: Environmental Research Letters
• 影响因子: 6.7
• 作者: Josh Hashemi;D. Zona;K. Arndt;A. Kalhori;W. Oechel

Upscaling Methane Flux From Plot Level to Eddy Covariance Tower Domains in Five Alaskan Tundra Ecosystems

• DOI: 10.3389/fenvs.2022.939238
• 发表时间: 2022-07
• 作者: Yihui Wang;F. Yuan;K. Arndt;Jianzhao Liu;Liyuan He;Yunjiang Zuo;D. Zona;D. Lipson;W. Oechel;D. Ricciuto;S. Wullschleger;P. Thornton;Xiaofeng Xu

Permafrost Landscape History Shapes Fluvial Chemistry, Ecosystem Carbon Balance, and Potential Trajectories of Future Change

• DOI: 10.1029/2022gb007403
• 发表时间: 2022-08
• 期刊: Global Biogeochemical Cycles
• 影响因子: 5.2
• 作者: S. Zolkos;S. Tank;S. Kokelj;R. Striegl;S. Shakil;C. Voigt;O. Sonnentag;W. Quinton;E. Schuur

Focus on Arctic change: transdisciplinary research and communication

关注北极变化：跨学科研究与交流

• DOI: 10.1088/1748-9326/acabd7
• 发表时间: 2023
• 期刊: Environmental Research Letters
• 影响因子: 6.7
• 作者: Sjöberg, Ylva;Bouchard, Frédéric;Gartler, Susanna;Bartsch, Annett;Zona, Donatella
• 通讯作者: Zona, Donatella