Collaborative Research: Testing the hypothesis that iron oxide - copper - gold (IOCG) deposits and iron oxide - apatite (IOA) deposits evolve as parts of the same mineral system

合作研究：检验氧化铁-铜-金（IOCG）矿床和氧化铁-磷灰石（IOA）矿床作为同一矿物系统的一部分演化的假设

• 批准号: 1924142
• 负责人: Adam Simon
• 金额: $ 36.93万
• 依托单位: Regents of the University of Michigan - Ann Arbor
• 依托单位国家: 美国
• 项目类别: Standard Grant
• 财政年份: 2019
• 资助国家: 美国
• 起止时间: 2019-09-01 至 2023-08-31
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/showAward?AWD_ID=1924142&HistoricalAwards=false
• 关键词: Collaborative; Research; Testing; hypothesis; iron

The sustainability of the human race depends on finding the natural resources necessary to maintain the built infrastructure of the developed world and to build capacity in developing countries. Metals such as iron, copper and gold are among the most important natural resources used by society as they are embedded throughout our built environment. Iron is used to make steel. Copper is used to generate electricity, and copper and gold are used to move electrical current through all electronic products including smart phones, computers, televisions, electric vehicles, airplanes and all medical devices. Two of the most important sources of iron, copper, and gold are mineral deposits known as iron oxide-copper-gold and iron oxide-apatite deposits. Geologists do not yet fully understand the genesis of these mineral deposit types. The lack of a genetic model limits our ability to find new deposits that are necessary to satisfy growing demand for these metals. In this study, we will investigate the formation of both deposit types in Chile and use the results to improve our understanding of a general recipe that can be used to predict the location of undiscovered deposits. The project involves underrepresented graduate and undergraduate students at the University of Michigan and Juniata College and will build new collaborations with the mining industry and academic partners in Chile. The science team will also participate in educational capacity building in West Africa each year. Iron oxide - copper -gold (IOCG) and iron oxide - apatite (IOA) deposits are two of the most controversial ore deposit types in economic geology. Despite having been mined for at least hundreds of years, there is no consensus for how the deposits formed. Despite clear time-space relationships among IOCG and IOA deposits in many districts worldwide, there is no consensus that the deposit types are genetically related. Despite clear time-space relationships with igneous activity, there is no consensus that either deposit type is genetically linked to silicate magma. There is consensus that IOCG deposits formed by purely hydrothermal processes, but the source of the ore fluid(s) is debated. There is no consensus for the formation of IOA deposits, with two very different genetic models proposed: 1) liquid immiscibility, a purely igneous process; and 2) a hydrothermal model that invokes basinal or magmatic brines. The most controversy centers on whether or not the two deposit types are genetically related, wherein a continuum is hypothesized to exist from shallow-level S-Cu-Au-Fe-rich IOCG mineralization that transitions to deeper S-Cu-Au-poor, Fe-rich IOA mineralization. In this study, we will investigate mineralization in the world-class Candelaria IOCG deposit and surrounding Punta del Cobre district in the Chilean iron belt where access to deep (1,000m) exploration drill core will allow us to test the hypothesis that these seemingly separate ore deposit types evolve from the same mineralizing fluid. This project has the potential to significantly change our understanding of IOCG and IOA deposits and has transformative implications for exploration strategies for these deposit types, which are increasingly important strategic sources of their namesake metals as well as rare earth elements (REE), U, P, V, Ag, Co, Bi and Nb, all of which make our built environment - education, medicine, transportation - possible. The project involves underrepresented graduate and undergraduate students at the University of Michigan and Juniata College and will build new collaborations with the mining industry and academic partners in Chile. The science team will also participate in educational capacity building in West Africa each year.This award reflects NSF's statutory mission and has been deemed worthy of support through evaluation using the Foundation's intellectual merit and broader impacts review criteria.

人类的可持续性取决于找到维持发达国家建筑基础设施所需的自然资源，并在发展中国家建立能力。铁，铜和黄金等金属是社会所用的最重要的自然资源之一，因为它们嵌入了我们整个建筑环境中。铁用于制造钢。铜用于发电，铜和金用于通过所有电子产品进行电流，包括智能手机，计算机，电视，电动汽车，飞机和所有医疗设备。铁，铜和金的两个最重要的来源是矿物沉积物，称为氧化铁 - 碳酸铁和氧化铁 - 磷灰石沉积物。地质学家尚未完全了解这些矿床类型的起源。缺乏遗传模型限制了我们找到满足对这些金属需求不断增长的需求所必需的新沉积物的能力。在这项研究中，我们将研究智利两种沉积类型的形成，并利用结果来提高我们对可用于预测未发现沉积物位置的一般配方的理解。该项目涉及密歇根大学和Juniata学院的代表性不足的毕业生和本科生，并将与智利的采矿业和学术合作伙伴建立新的合作。科学团队还将每年参加西非的教育能力建设。 氧化铁 - 铜-gold（IOCG）和氧化铁 - 磷灰石（IOA）沉积物是经济地质学中最有争议的两种矿石沉积类型。尽管已经开采了至少数百年，但对于存款的形成尚无共识。尽管全球许多地区的IOCG和IOA沉积之间存在明确的时空关系，但尚无共识，即存款类型与遗传相关。尽管时间间隔与火成活性明确，但尚无共识，即两种沉积物类型都与硅酸盐岩浆有关。有共识是，IOCG沉积物是由纯液热过程形成的，但矿石流体的来源是辩论的。 IOA沉积物的形成尚无共识，提出了两个非常不同的遗传模型：1）液体不混溶，纯粹的火成点； 2）一种调用盆地或岩浆盐水的热液模型。争议最大的集中在这两种沉积类型是否与遗传相关的集中度，其中a Continum contenum convenum contumate contumatum的存在是从浅层S-Cu-au-fe富富的IOCG矿化中存在的，这些矿化均过渡到更深的S-Cu-Au poor，Fe-Rich-Rich-Rich-Rich-Rich-Rich-Rich-Rich-Rich-Rich-Rich-Rich Ioa矿化。在这项研究中，我们将调查智利铁带的世界一流的Candelaria IOCG沉积物和周围的Punta del Cobre地区的矿化化，在该地区进入深处（1,000m）勘探钻头核心将使我们能够测试这些看似分离的矿床类型从同一矿化液中演变的假设。该项目有可能显着改变我们对IOCG和IOA沉积物的理解，并对这些存款类型的勘探策略具有变革性的影响，这些矿床类型越来越重要，它们是其同名金属以及稀土元素（REE），U，P，P，V，AG，AG，CO，BI和NB的策略来源，所有这些都使我们的建筑环境 - 教育环境 - 教育，医学，运输，运输，可能。该项目涉及密歇根大学和Juniata学院的代表性不足的毕业生和本科生，并将与智利的采矿业和学术合作伙伴建立新的合作。科学团队还将每年参加西非的教育能力建设。该奖项反映了NSF的法定任务，并使用基金会的知识分子优点和更广泛的影响审查标准，被认为值得通过评估。

项目成果

Post-melting oxidation of highly primitive basalts from the southern Andes

• DOI: 10.1016/j.gca.2020.01.042
• 发表时间: 2020-03
• 期刊: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta
• 影响因子: 5
• 作者: S. Tassara;M. Reich;C. Cannatelli;B. Konecke;D. Kausel;D. Morata;F. Barra;A. Simon;A. Fiege;E. Morgado;M. Leisen

The Geochemistry of Magnetite and Apatite from the El Laco Iron Oxide-Apatite Deposit, Chile: Implications for Ore Genesis

• DOI: 10.5382/econgeo.4753
• 发表时间: 2020-11-01
• 期刊: ECONOMIC GEOLOGY
• 影响因子: 5.8
• 作者: La Cruz, Nikita L.;Ovalle, J. Tomas;Childress, Tristan M.
• 通讯作者: Childress, Tristan M.

An ab-initio study on the thermodynamics of disulfide, sulfide, and bisulfide incorporation into apatite and the development of a more comprehensive temperature, pressure, pH, and composition-dependent model for ionic substitution in minerals

对二硫化物、硫化物和二硫化物掺入磷灰石的热力学进行从头算研究，并开发更全面的温度、压力、pH 值和矿物中离子取代的成分相关模型

• DOI: 10.2138/am-2022-8250
• 发表时间: 2022
• 期刊: American Mineralogist
• 影响因子: 3.1
• 作者: Kim, YoungJae;Konecke, Brian;Simon, Adam;Fiege, Adrian;Becker, Udo
• 通讯作者: Becker, Udo

The Mina Justa Iron Oxide Copper-Gold (IOCG) Deposit, Peru: Constraints on Metal and Ore Fluid Sources

• DOI: 10.5382/econgeo.4875
• 发表时间: 2021-10
• 期刊: Economic Geology
• 影响因子: 5.8
• 作者: M. Rodríguez-Mustafa;A. Simon;L. Bilenker;I. Bindeman;R. Mathur;Edson L. B. Machado

A Continuum from Iron Oxide Copper-Gold to Iron Oxide-Apatite Deposits: Evidence from Fe and O Stable Isotopes and Trace Element Chemistry of Magnetite

• DOI: 10.5382/econgeo.4752
• 发表时间: 2020-11
• 期刊: Economic Geology
• 影响因子: 5.8
• 作者: M. Rodríguez-Mustafa;A. Simon;I. D. Real;J. F. Thompson;L. Bilenker;F. Barra;I. Bindeman;Dave Cadwell