Legal Pluralism, Restorative Justice, and Social Change

法律多元化、恢复性司法和社会变革

• 批准号: 1917824
• 负责人: Pauline Wiessner
• 金额: $ 9.3万
• 依托单位: University of Utah
• 依托单位国家: 美国
• 项目类别: Standard Grant
• 财政年份: 2019
• 资助国家: 美国
• 起止时间: 2019-09-15 至 2024-08-31
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/showAward?AWD_ID=1917824&HistoricalAwards=false
• 关键词: Legal; Pluralism; Restorative; Justice; Social

It has been scientifically well documented that culturally evolved norms as public goods can constrain individual interest and facilitate collective action to overcome tragedies of the commons as well as common tragedies. However, we have little understanding of how existing norms are shifted and new norms evolve, so that justice is seen to be done and cooperation furthered in the face of change. Many jurisdictions have adopted legal pluralism to bring about harmony at different levels of society with formal western-based law courts for administering retributive justice and customary courts negotiating compromise through restorative justice. This project explores the role of these public forums for restorative justice, which are optimal settings for understanding the dynamics of coalescing diverse opinions into norm shifts to maintain community cooperation despite rapid demographic, economic and social change. The project includes educational components that broaden the participation of underrepresented groups in science, and improve the public's understanding of science. The research team will produce educational materials on courts and customs. The work is highly generalizable to other traditional court and restorative justice systems, which will contribute to the field at large.The study conducted by Dr. Polly Wiessner (Arizona State University and the University of Utah) and Mr. Nitze Pupu, J D (Enga Tradition and Transition Centre) will build on a decade of research observing and documenting over 1,000 customary court cases in village courts within and between the tribes of the Enga of Papua New Guinea since 2008. Customary courts are open air forums, manned by elected local leaders, have broad participation, and host extensive public discussion. They are sanctioned by the government for resolving conflicts and minor crimes, although they often mediate settlements for serious ones. The study will examine the processes and outcomes of the documented cases and continue to research new ones asking: (1) Which procedures, norms, and customs continue to bring about decisions that satisfy communities; which do not and why? (2) How are norms and values updated during public forums to address new realities, such as radically altered patterns of communication with mobile phones, changing norms in sexual relations and marriage, guns in warfare, and land inheritance? (3) How do community members assist in making up for harm done and bringing wrong-doers back into the fold as productive citizens? (4) What are rates of recidivism for different infractions? (5) Why are customary courts often favored over formal courts? (6) How are the relations between the formal western-based courts and customary village courts altered in response to changing conditions and how are mismatches resolved to avoid legal dissonance? Methods proposed include the collection of court case data, follow-up data collection on compensation payment, follow-up interviews with participants in key cases (to include customary court officials, those involved in cases, and those that observed proceedings or contributed to restitution payments), follow-up data collection on recidivism, and finally workshops and focus groups with magistrates and customary court officials to get their perspective on changes in the customary court system over time. The PI plans to use content analysis methodologies to identify shifting norms around reproduction, production, and social support; as well as changing articulation with the formal courts. The research will contribute to better understanding of the articulation between local, regional, and national systems. The adaptive potential of restorative justice systems is of wider interest to anthropologists and other scholars of legal systems.This award reflects NSF's statutory mission and has been deemed worthy of support through evaluation using the Foundation's intellectual merit and broader impacts review criteria.

科学上有充分的文献证明，文化发展规范，因为公共物品可以限制个人的利益并促进集体行动，以克服公共悲剧以及共同的悲剧。但是，我们对现有规范的变化和新规范的发展几乎没有理解，因此，正义被认为是在变化时进一步的合作。许多司法管辖区都采用了法律多元化，以与正式西方法律法院在不同层面的社会上实现和谐，以通过恢复性司法进行妥协，以管理报复性司法和习惯法院进行妥协。该项目探讨了这些公共论坛在恢复性司法方面的作用，这些司法是理解尽管人口统计，经济和社会变革的迅速，将各种观点融合为规范转变以维持社区合作的动态的最佳环境。该项目包括扩大代表性不足群体在科学中的参与并提高公众对科学的理解的教育组成部分。研究小组将在法院和习俗上生产教育材料。这项工作可高度推广到其他传统法院和恢复性司法系统，该系统将为整个领域做出贡献。 2008年。习惯法院是露天论坛，由当选当地领导人负责，举办了广泛的参与，并主持了广泛的公众讨论。尽管他们经常为严重的定居点调解定居点，但他们因解决冲突和小犯罪而受到政府的批准。该研究将研究已记录的案件的过程和结果，并继续研究新的案件：（1）哪些程序，规范和习俗继续提出满足社区的决定；哪个没有，为什么？ （2）如何在公共论坛期间更新规范和价值，以解决新的现实，例如与手机的沟通方式发生了根本性改变的模式，改变性关系和婚姻的规范，战争中的枪支和土地遗产？ （3）社区成员如何协助弥补伤害并将不当行为重新带回富有成效的公民？ （4）不同违规行为的累犯率是多少？ （5）为什么习惯法院经常受到正式法院的青睐？ （6）正式的西方法院与习惯村法院之间的关系如何因响应不断变化的条件而改变，以及如何决定避免法律上的不和谐？提出的方法包括收集法院案件数据，有关薪酬付款的后续数据，与参与者的关键案件的后续访谈（包括习惯法院官员，案件的官员以及那些涉及案件的官员以及为恢复原则付款的诉讼或贡献案件的访谈），有关累犯的后续数据，以及与法院的官员和习惯法院的官方官员的范围，以使他们的态度更改范围。 PI计划使用内容分析方法来确定围绕生殖，生产和社会支持的变化规范；以及改变正式法院的发音。这项研究将有助于更好地理解本地，区域和国家系统之间的发音。恢复性司法系统的适应性潜力对人类学家和其他法律制度学者具有更大的兴趣。该奖项反映了NSF的法定任务，并使用基金会的知识分子优点和更广泛的影响审查标准，认为值得通过评估来获得支持。