NNA: Collaborative Research:The Circumpolar Active Layer Monitoring Network-CALM V (2019-2024): Long-term Observations on the Climate-Active Layer-Permafrost System

NNA：合作研究：环极活动层监测网络-CALM V（2019-2024）：气候-活动层-多年冻土系统的长期观测

• 批准号: 1836381
• 负责人: Frederick Nelson
• 金额: $ 51.5万
• 依托单位: Northern Michigan University
• 依托单位国家: 美国
• 项目类别: Standard Grant
• 财政年份: 2019
• 资助国家: 美国
• 起止时间: 2019-06-01 至 2025-05-31
• 项目状态: 未结题
• 来源: https://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/showAward?AWD_ID=1836381&HistoricalAwards=false
• 关键词: NNA; Collaborative; Research; Circumpolar; Active

The permafrost (perennially frozen ground) regions occupy nearly a quarter of the Earth's terrestrial surface. Permafrost is experiencing large changes stemming from the unprecedented degree of environmental change being observed in the Arctic. Changes in the permafrost system have profound effects on the ecology, hydrology, geomorphology, and human occupation of cold environments. The main indicators of permafrost stability are permafrost temperature and thickness of the active-layer (layer of earth materials between the ground surface and the top of the permafrost that undergoes an annual cycle of freezing and thawing). These parameters are considered to be Essential Climatic Variables (ECVs) by the Global Climate Observing System (GCOS) and the Global Terrestrial Observing Network (GTOS). The Circumpolar Active Layer Monitoring (CALM) program represents the only coordinated program providing collection, standardization, open access, and dissemination of active-layer data world-wide. Widespread, systematic changes in the thickness of the active layer could have profound effects on the flux of greenhouse gases, on the human infrastructure in cold regions, and on landscape and hydrologic processes. It is therefore critical that observational and analytical procedures continue over decadal periods to assess trends and detect cumulative, long-term changes. This award will support the continuation of the active-layer observations conducted by the CALM program at the network of 168 sites distributed over circumpolar Arctic region. CALM program is an integral part of the Global Terrestrial Network for Permafrost. Long-term observations of active-layer thickness and dynamics, obtained using standard measurement protocols, are the essential rationale behind the CALM project. Local site conditions and seasonal variations in climate create complex interactions that determine the magnitude of seasonal soil thaw and information about related biogeochemical processes. Long-term time series of thaw measurements at the same locations and across diverse terrain types and regions are required to identify scales of spatial variation, establish trends, and validate models. Measurement of thaw subsidence, which are critical for identifying potential threats to human infrastructure in the Arctic, is an integral part of the observation program. The objectives of the observational network stress the need for long-term active layer, ground temperature, and thaw settlement measurements, integration of data to provide the basis for comprehensive assessments of changes in active-layer and near-surface permafrost, and preparation and dissemination of data sets to assist detailed process studies, and in validating and developing of climate change, ecology, hydrology, and geocryology models. The geographical focus of the network of CALM grids and soil temperature sites is on Arctic tundra environments, where the program has made a substantial progress at building a consistent, long-term database that has been used effectively and extensively by the modeling community. Although this project is concerned only with observing stations located in the Arctic region, it is important to note that CALM is a global network incorporating observatories outside the Arctic Circle, including a rapidly developing Antarctic component (CALM-South). More than half of the sites in the CALM network are maintained and data reported on a voluntary basis. Educational and outreach activities are an integral part of the proposed research. The project will provide opportunities for field experience and educational participation at levels ranging from elementary school through postdoctoral. The circum-Arctic nature of CALM will foster extensive international collaboration between students involved in project activities. An outreach component of the project includes extensive involvement of local, predominantly indigenous population in observational program at remote Arctic sites.This award reflects NSF's statutory mission and has been deemed worthy of support through evaluation using the Foundation's intellectual merit and broader impacts review criteria.

多年冻土（常年冷冻的地面）区域占地近四分之一。永久冻土正在经历大型变化，这是由于在北极观察到的前所未有的环境变化程度。多年冻土系统的变化对冷环境的生态，水文学，地貌和人类职业具有深远的影响。多年冻土稳定性的主要指标是活性层的多年冻土温度和厚度（地面和多年冻土的顶部之间的地面材料层，它们经历了年度冻结和融化的循环）。这些参数被认为是全球气候观察系统（GCO）和全球陆地观测网络（GTOS）的必不可少的气候变量（ECV）。极用主动层监视（平静）计划代表了唯一的协调计划，该程序在全球范围内提供了收集，标准化，开放访问和传播活动层数据。广泛的，有效层厚度的系统变化可能会对温室气体的通量，寒冷地区的人类基础设施以及景观和水文过程产生深远的影响。因此，至关重要的是，观察和分析程序在十年时期继续进行以评估趋势并检测累积的长期变化。该奖项将支持镇静计划在分布在北极北极地区的168个地点的网络上进行的活动层观测值的延续。平静计划是永久冻土全球地面网络不可或缺的一部分。使用标准测量协议获得的活跃层厚度和动力学的长期观察是平静项目的基本原理。当地现场条件和气候中的季节性变化创造了复杂的相互作用，从而决定了季节性土壤解冻的大小以及有关相关生物地球化学过程的信息。需要在同一位置以及各种地形类型和区域的融化测量值的长期时间序列，以识别空间变化，建立趋势和验证模型的尺度。融化沉降的测量对于确定对北极中人类基础设施的潜在威胁至关重要，这是观察计划不可或缺的一部分。观察网络的目标强调需要长期活跃层，地面温度和解冻和解测量，数据的整合，以便为活跃层和近乎层面的近冻土变化的全面评估提供基础，以及对数据集的准备和传播，以帮助详细的过程研究，以及验证和发展，以及在气候变化中验证和发展气候学，生态学，水文学模型。平静网格和土壤温度站点网络的地理重点在于北极苔原环境，该程序在建立一个一致的长期数据库方面取得了重大进展，该数据库已被建模社区有效，广泛地使用。尽管该项目仅与位于北极地区的观察站有关，但重要的是要注意，平静是一个全球网络，该网络融合了北极圆圈以外的观测站，包括快速发展的南极组件（Calm-South）。保持平静网络中超过一半的地点，并自愿报告数据。教育和外展活动是拟议研究的组成部分。该项目将为从小学到博士后的水平提供现场经验和教育参与的机会。平静的北极性质将促进参与项目活动的学生之间的广泛国际合作。该项目的一个外展部分包括在远程北极场地广泛参与观察计划的地方，主要参与了观察计划。该奖项反映了NSF的法定任务，并且认为值得通过基金会的知识分子优点和更广泛的影响审查标准通过评估来进行评估。

项目成果

Dealing with the bust in Vorkuta, Russia

处理俄罗斯沃尔库塔的半身像

• DOI: 10.1016/j.landusepol.2019.03.021
• 发表时间: 2020
• 期刊: Land Use Policy
• 影响因子: 7.1
• 作者: Shiklomanov, Nikolay;Streletskiy, Dmitry;Suter, Luis;Orttung, Robert;Zamyatina, Nadezhda
• 通讯作者: Zamyatina, Nadezhda

Permafrost is warming at a global scale

全球范围内的永久冻土正在变暖

• DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-08240-4
• 发表时间: 2019-01-16
• 期刊: NATURE COMMUNICATIONS
• 影响因子: 16.6
• 作者: Biskaborn, Boris K.;Smith, Sharon L.;Lantuit, Hugues
• 通讯作者: Lantuit, Hugues

Assessment of the cost of climate change impacts on critical infrastructure in the circumpolar Arctic

• DOI: 10.1080/1088937x.2019.1686082
• 发表时间: 2019-10
• 期刊: Polar Geography
• 影响因子: 2.6
• 作者: Luis Suter;D. Streletskiy;N. Shiklomanov

Permafrost degradation in the Western Russian Arctic

• DOI: 10.1088/1748-9326/ab6f12
• 发表时间: 2020-03
• 期刊: Environmental Research Letters
• 影响因子: 6.7
• 作者: A. Vasiliev;D. Drozdov;A. Gravis;G. Malkova;K. Nyland;D. Streletskiy

Circumpolar permafrost maps and geohazard indices for near-future infrastructure risk assessments

• DOI: 10.1038/sdata.2019.37
• 发表时间: 2019-03
• 期刊: Scientific Data
• 影响因子: 9.8
• 作者: O. Karjalainen;J. Aalto;M. Luoto;S. Westermann;V. Romanovsky;F. Nelson;B. Etzelmüller;J. Hjort