Experimental Studies of the Properties of the QGP and the QCD Phase Diagram

QGP和QCD相图性质的实验研究

• 批准号: 1812398
• 负责人: Daniel Cebra
• 金额: $ 108万
• 依托单位: University of California-Davis
• 依托单位国家: 美国
• 项目类别: Continuing Grant
• 财政年份: 2018
• 资助国家: 美国
• 起止时间: 2018-07-01 至 2022-12-31
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/showAward?AWD_ID=1812398&HistoricalAwards=false
• 关键词: Experimental; Studies; Properties; QGP; QCD

Quantum Chromodynamics (QCD) is the theoretical framework that describes the strong nuclear force. The fundamental particles that interact via this force are the quarks and gluons that build up protons and neutrons, which in turn build up the atomic nuclei at the cores of all atoms. This project aims to study the nature of matter at the very high temperatures reached in relativistic heavy ion collisions. The group will study how protons and neutrons melt into constituent quarks and gluons, which are no longer bound under these conditions. This high-temperature phase of nuclear matter is called the Quark-Gluon Plasma (QGP). Heavy-ion experiments at the Relativistic Heavy-Ion Collider and the Large Hadron Collider have produced striking evidence for QGP formation. The field is moving towards a quantitative understanding of the thermodynamic properties of the QGP, and this work will contribute to that understanding. This project focuses on the experimental measurement of two distinct thermodynamic properties of this novel state of nuclear matter with the STAR and the CMS experiments. The first property to be measured is the temperature produced in the hottest stages of the collision. This is done via the study of Upsilon mesons, a bound state of heavy "bottom" quarks. In the hot, early stage of the collision even heavy-quark bound states, like the Upsilon, are expected to melt in the collision. The group will study the melting pattern of Upsilons and their excited states with STAR and with CMS in pp, pA, and AA collisions. This measurement will provide crucial information to test models of the deconfinement of quarks in the high-temperature QGP. The second goal is to study the thermodynamic phase structure of the strong force. In particular, testing the existence of a predicted QCD critical point is a key component of this goal. This study is done with STAR by varying the collision energy both in collider and fixed-target collisions, and thereby exploring the transition between normal nuclear matter and QGP matter. Adding the fixed target energy scan is important because the current evidence suggests that the critical point may lie at the lowest energy accessible to the collider, and it is important to scan both above and below this transition. The broader impacts of this work are aimed at underrepresented minorities and women. The first is to communicate the excitement of high-energy nuclear physics to Latino students at the Society for the Advancement of Chicanos and Native Americans in Science (SACNAS), through mentoring activities at the conference and support of the UC Davis SACNAS chapter. The second component is promotion of science and physics to elementary and high-school students through visits to elementary schools with large Latino populations, and via participation in the Adopt-A-Physicist program for high schools. Finally, the PIs in the project will mentor undergraduates, including NSF REU students, every year. A key part of these goals is the mentoring of graduate students to become leaders in these activities, since many are women and underrepresented minorities, and are therefore excellent role models.This award reflects NSF's statutory mission and has been deemed worthy of support through evaluation using the Foundation's intellectual merit and broader impacts review criteria.

量子染色体动力学（QCD）是描述强核力量的理论框架。通过这种力相互作用的基本颗粒是积聚质子和中子的夸克和胶子，而质子和中子会构成所有原子核的原子核。该项目旨在在相对论重离子碰撞中达到的高温下研究物质的性质。 该小组将研究质子和中子如何融化成组成的夸克和胶子，这些夸克和胶子不再在这些条件下结合。核物质的这种高温期称为夸克 - 胶原等离子体（QGP）。相对论重离子对撞机和大型强子对撞机的重型离子实验为QGP形成提供了惊人的证据。该领域正在朝着对QGP热力学特性的定量理解，这项工作将有助于这种理解。该项目的重点是通过Star和CMS实验对这种新型核物质的两个不同热力学特性进行实验测量。要测量的第一个特性是在碰撞最热阶段产生的温度。这是通过对Upsilon Meson的研究来完成的，Upsilon Meson是一个重型“底部”夸克的结合状态。在碰撞的炎热，早期，甚至像Upsilon这样的重夸克的国家，也有望在碰撞中融化。该小组将使用Star和PP，PA和AA碰撞中的Upsilons及其激发状态的熔融模式研究。这种测量将为高温QGP中夸克的解料的测试模型提供至关重要的信息。第二个目标是研究强力的热力学相结构。特别是，测试预测的QCD临界点的存在是该目标的关键组成部分。这项研究是通过改变对撞机和固定目标碰撞中的碰撞能量并探索正常核物质和QGP物质之间的过渡来完成的。添加固定目标能量扫描很重要，因为当前的证据表明，临界点可能位于对撞机上最低的能量，并且扫描在此过渡上方和下方都很重要。这项工作的更广泛的影响旨在代表人数不足的少数民族和妇女。首先是通过在UC Davis Sacnas分会的会议上指导活动和支持，向奇卡诺斯和美洲原住民学会（SACNAS）促进的拉丁裔学生的兴奋传达给拉丁裔学生。第二部分是通过访问具有庞大的拉丁裔人群的小学，并通过参加高中的收养物理学计划，向小学和高中生促进科学和物理学。最后，该项目中的PI每年将指导包括NSF REU学生在内的本科生。这些目标的关键部分是指导研究生成为这些活动的领导者，因为许多是妇女和人为少数群体，因此是出色的榜样。该奖项反映了NSF的法定任务，并被认为是通过基金会的知识分子优点和更广泛的审查标准来评估通过评估来支持的。

项目成果

Production and polarization of prompt ϒ(nS) in the improved color evaporation model using the kT -factorization approach

• DOI: 10.1103/physrevd.99.034007
• 发表时间: 2018-11
• 期刊: Physical Review D
• 影响因子: 5
• 作者: Vincent Cheung;R. Vogt

Measurements of Proton High-Order Cumulants in sNN=3 GeV Au+Au Collisions and Implications for the QCD Critical Point

sNN=3-GeV Au Au 碰撞中质子高阶累积量的测量及其对 QCD 临界点的影响

• DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.128.202303
• 发表时间: 2022
• 期刊: Physical Review Letters
• 影响因子: 8.6
• 作者: Abdallah, M. S.;Aboona, B. E.;Adam, J.;Adamczyk, L.;Adams, J. R.;Adkins, J. K.;Agakishiev, G.;Aggarwal, I.;Aggarwal, M. M.;Ahammed, Z.
• 通讯作者: Ahammed, Z.

Measurement of nuclear modification factors of ϒ(1S), ϒ(2S), and ϒ(3S) mesons in PbPb collisions at sNN=5.02 TeV

• DOI: 10.1016/j.physletb.2019.01.006
• 发表时间: 2018-05
• 期刊: Physics Letters B
• 影响因子: 4.4
• 作者: A. Sirunyan;A. Tumasyan;W. Adam;F. Ambrogi;E. Asilar;T. Bergauer;J. Brandstetter;E. Brondolin;M. Dragicevic;J. Erö;A. Escalante Del Valle;M. Flechl;M. Friedl;R. Frühwirth;V. Ghete;J. Grossmann;J. Hrubec;M. Jeitler;A. König;N. Krammer;I. Krätschmer;D. Liko;T. Madlener;I. Mikulec;E. Pree;N. Rad;H. Rohringer;J. Schieck;R. Schöfbeck;M. Spanring;D. Spitzbart;A. Taurok;W. Waltenberger;J. Wittmann;C. Wulz;M. Zarucki;V. Chekhovsky;V. Mossolov;J. Suárez González;E. De Wolf;D. Di Croce;X. Janssen;J. Lauwers;M. Van De Klundert;H. Van Haevermaet;P. Van Mechelen;N. van Remortel;S. A. Abu Zeid;F. Blekman;J. D’Hondt;I. De Bruyn;J. De Clercq;K. Deroover;G. Flouris;D. Lontkovskyi;S. Lowette;I. Marchesini;S. Moortgat;L. Moreels;Q. Python;K. Skovpen;S. Tavernier;W. Van Doninck;P. Van Mulders;I. Van Parijs;D. Beghin;B. Bilin;H. Brun;B. Clerbaux;G. De Lentdecker;H. Delannoy;B. Dorney;G. Fasanella;L. Favart;R. Goldouzian;A. Grebenyuk;A. Kalsi;T. Lenzi;J. Luetić;T. Maerschalk;T. Ševa;E. Starling;C. Vander Velde;P. Vanlaer;D. Vannerom;R. Yonamine;F. Zenoni;T. Cornelis;D. Dobur;A. Fagot;M. Gul;I. Khvastunov;D. Poyraz;C. Roskas;S. Salva;D. Trocino;M. Tytgat;W. Verbeke;M. Vit;N. Zaganidis;H. Bakhshiansohi;O. Bondu;S. Brochet;G. Bruno;C. Caputo;A. Caudron;P. David;S. De Visscher;C. Delaere;M. Delcourt;B. Francois;A. Giammanco;G. Krintiras;V. Lemaitre;A. Magitteri;A. Mertens;M. Musich;K. Piotrzkowski;L. Quertenmont;A. Saggio;M. Vidal Marono;S. Wertz;J. Zobec;W. Aldá Júnior;F. Alves;G. Alves;L. Brito;G. Correia Silva;C. Hensel;A. Moraes;M. Pol;P. Rebello Teles;E. Belchior Batista Das Chagas;W. Carvalho;J. Chinellato;E. Coelho;E. M. Da Costa;G. G. da Silveira-G.;D. De Jesus Damiao;S. Fonseca De Souza;L. Huertas Guativa;H. Malbouisson;M. Melo De Almeida;C. Mora Herrera;L. Mundim;H. Nogima;L. Sanchez Rosas;A. Santoro;A. Sznajder;M. Thiel;E. Tonelli Manganote;F. Torres Da Silva De Araujo;A. Vilela Pereira;S. Ahuja;C. Bernardes;T. Fernandez Perez Tomei;E. Gregores;P. Mercadante;S. Novaes;S. Padula;Romero Abad;J. C. Ruiz Vargas;A. Aleksandrov;R. Hadjiiska;P. Iaydjiev;A. Marinov;M. Misheva;M. Rodozov;M. Shopova;G. Sultanov;A. Dimitrov;L. Litov;B. Pavlov;P. Petkov;W. Fang;X. Gao;L. Yuan;M. Ahmad;J. Bian;G. Chen;H. Chen;M. Chen;Y. Chen;C. Jiang;D. Leggat;H. Liao;Z. Liu;F. Romeo;S. Shaheen;A. Spiezia;J. Tao;C. Wang;Z. Wang;E. Yazgan;H. Zhang;J. Zhao;Y. Ban;G. Chen;J. Li;Q. Li;S. Liu;Y. Mao;S. Qian;D. Wang;Z. Xu;F. Zhang;Y. Wang;C. Avila;A. Cabrera;C. Carrillo Montoya;L. Chaparro Sierra;C. Florez;C. González Hernández;J. Ruiz Alvarez;M. Segura Delgado;B. Courbon;N. Godinovic;D. Lelas;I. Puljak;P. M. Ribeiro Cipriano;T. Šćulac;Z. Antunović;M. Kovac;V. Brigljevic;D. Ferencek;K. Kadija;B. Mesić;A. Starodumov;T. Susa;M. W. Ather;A. Attikis;G. Mavromanolakis;J. Mousa;C. Nicolaou;F. Ptochos;P. Razis;H. Rykaczewski;M. Finger;E. Carrera Jarrin;M. Mahmoud;Y. Mohammed;E. Salama;S. Bhowmik;R. K. Dewanjee;M. Kadastik;L. Perrini;M. Raidal;C. Veelken;P. Eerola;H. Kirschenmann;J. Pekkanen;M. Voutilainen;J. Havukainen;J. Heikkilä;T. Järvinen;V. Karimäki;R. Kinnunen;T. Lampén;K. Lassila-Perini;S. Laurila;S. Lehti;T. Lindén;P. Luukka;T. Mäenpää;H. Siikonen;E. Tuominen;J. Tuominiemi;T. Tuuva;M. Besançon;F. Couderc;M. Dejardin;D. Denegri;J. Faure;F. Ferri;S. Ganjour;S. Ghosh;A. Givernaud;P. Gras;G. Hamel de Monchenault;P. Jarry;C. Leloup;E. Locci;M. Machet;J. Malcles;G. Negro;J. Rander;A. Rosowsky;M. Sahin;M. Titov;A. Abdulsalam;C. Amendola;I. Antropov;S. Baffioni;F. Beaudette;P. Busson;L. Cadamuro;C. Charlot;R. Granier de Cassagnac;M. Jo;I. Kucher;S. Lisniak;A. Lobanov;J. Martin Blanco;M. Nguyen;C. Ochando;G. Ortona;P. Paganini;P. Pigard;R. Salerno;J. Sauvan;Y. Sirois;A. Stahl Leiton;T. Strebler;Y. Yilmaz;A. Zabi;A. Zghiche;J. Agram;J. Andrea;D. Bloch;J. Brom;M. Buttignol;E. Chabert;C. Collard;É. Conte;X. Coubez;F. Drouhin;J. Fontaine;D. Gelé;U. Goerlach;M. Jansová;P. Juillot;A. Le Bihan;N. Tonon;P. Van Hove;S. Gadrat;S. Beauceron;C. Bernet;G. Boudoul;N. Chanon;R. Chierici;D. Contardo;P. Depasse;H. El Mamouni;J. Fay;L. Finco;S. Gascon;M. Gouzevitch;G. Grenier;B. Ille;F. Lagarde;I. Laktineh;M. Lethuillier;L. Mirabito;A. Pequegnot;S. Perriès;A. Popov;V. Sordini;M. Vander Donckt;S. Viret;S. Zhang;T. Toriashvili;Z. Tsamalaidze;C. Autermann;L. Feld;M. K. Kiesel;K. Klein;M. Lipinski;M. Preuten;C. Schomakers;J. Schulz;M. Teroerde;B. Wittmer;V. Zhukov;A. Albert;D. Duchardt;M. Endres;M. Erdmann;S. Erdweg;T. Esch;R. Fischer;A. Güth;T. Hebbeker;C. Heidemann;K. Hoepfner;S. Knutzen;M. Merschmeyer;A. Meyer;P. Millet;S. Mukherjee;T. Pook;M. Radziej;H. Reithler;M. Rieger;F. Scheuch;D. Teyssier;S. Thüer;G. Flügge;B. Kargoll;T. Kress;A. Künsken;T. Müller;A. Nehrkorn;A. Nowack;C. Pistone;O. Pooth;A. Stahl;M. Aldaya Martin;T. Arndt;C. Asawatangtrakuldee;K. Beernaert;O. Behnke;U. Behrens;A. Bermudez Martinez;A. Bin Anuar;K. Borras;V. Botta;A. Campbell;P. Connor;C. Contreras-Campana;F. Costanza;C. Diez Pardos;G. Eckerlin;D. Eckstein;T. Eichhorn;E. Eren;Ettore Gallo;J. Garay García;A. Geiser;J. Grados Luyando;A. Grohsjean;P. Gunnellini;M. Guthoff;A. Harb;J. Hauk;M. Hempel;H. Jung;M. Kasemann;J. Keaveney;C. Kleinwort;I. Korol;D. Krücker;W. Lange;A. Lelek;T. Lenz;K. Lipka;W. Lohmann;R. Mankel;I. Melzer-Pellmann;A. Meyer;M. Missiroli;G. Mittag;J. Mnich;A. Mussgiller;D. Pitzl;A. Raspereza;M. Savitskyi;P. Saxena;R. Shevchenko;N. Stefaniuk;G. Van Onsem;R. Walsh;Y. Wen;K. Wichmann;C. Wissing;O. Zenaiev;R. Aggleton;S. Bein;V. Blobel;M. Centis Vignali;T. Dreyer;E. Garutti;D. Gonzalez;J. Haller;A. Hinzmann;M. Hoffmann;A. Karavdina;G. Kasieczka;R. Klanner;R. Kogler;N. Kovalchuk;S. Kurz;D. Marconi;M. Meyer;M. Niedziela;D. Nowatschin;F. Pantaleo;T. Peiffer;A. Perieanu;C. Scharf;P. Schleper;A. Schmidt;S. Schumann;J. Schwandt;J. Sonneveld;H. Stadie;G. Steinbrück;F. Stober;M. Stöver;H. Tholen;D. Troendle;E. Usai;A. Vanhoefer;B. Vormwald;M. Akbiyik;C. Barth;M. Baselga;S. Baur;E. Butz;R. Caspart;T. Chwalek;F. Colombo;W. de Boer;A. Dierlamm;N. Faltermann;B. Freund;R. Friese;M. Giffels;M. A. Harrendorf;F. Hartmann;S. Heindl;U. Husemann;F. Kassel;S. Kudella;H. Mildner;M. Mozer;T. Müller;M. Plagge;G. Quast;K. Rabbertz;M. Schröder;I. Shvetsov;G. Sieber;H. Simonis;R. Ulrich;S. Wayand;M. Weber;T. Weiler;S. Williamson;C. Wöhrmann;R. Wolf;G. Anagnostou;G. Daskalakis;T. Geralis;A. Kyriakis;D. Loukas;I. Topsis-giotis;G. Karathanasis;S. Kesisoglou;A. Panagiotou;N. Saoulidou;E. Tziaferi;K. Kousouris;I. Evangelou;C. Foudas;P. Gianneios;P. Katsoulis;P. Kokkas;S. Mallios;N. Manthos;I. Papadopoulos;E. Paradas;J. Strologas;F. Triantis;D. Tsitsonis;M. Csanád;N. Filipovic;G. Pásztor;O. Surányi;G. Veres;G. Bencze;C. Hajdu;D. Horvath;Á. Hunyadi;F. Siklér;V. Veszpremi;G. Vesztergombi;N. Beni;S. Czellár;J. Karancsi;A. Makovec;J. Molnár;Z. Szillasi;M. Bartók;P. Raics;Z. Trocsanyi;B. Ujvari;S. Choudhury;J. Komaragiri;S. Bahinipati;P. Mal;K. Mandal;A. Nayak;D. Sahoo;N. Sahoo;S. Swain;S. Bansal;S. Beri;Vasudha Bhatnagar;R. Chawla;N. Dhingra;A. Kaur;M. Kaur;S. Kaur;R. Kumar;P. Kumari;A. Mehta;J. Singh;G. Walia;A. Bhardwaj;S. Chauhan;B. Choudhary;R. Garg;S. Keshri;A. Kumar;Ashok Kumar;S. Malhotra;M. Naimuddin;K. Ranjan;Aashaq Shah;R. Sharma;R. Bhardwaj;R. Bhattacharya;S. Bhattacharya;U. Bhawandeep;D. Bhowmik;S. Dey;S. Dutt;S. Dutta;N. Majumdar;A. Modak;K. Mondal;S. Mukhopadhyay;S. Nandan;A. Purohit;P. Rout;A. Roy;S. Roy Chowdhury;S. Sarkar;M. Sharan;B. Singh;S. Thakur;P. Behera;R. Chudasama;D. Dutta;V. Jha;V. Kumar;A. Mohanty;P. Netrakanti;L. Pant;P. Shukla;A. Topkar;T. Aziz;S. Dugad;B. Mahakud;S. Mitra;G. Mohanty;N. Sur;B. Sutar;S. Banerjee;S. Chatterjee;P. Das;M. Guchait;S. Jain;S. Kumar;M. Maity;G. Majumder;K. Mazumdar;T. Sarkar;N. Wickramage;S. Dube;V. Hegde;A. Kapoor;K. Kothekar;S. Pandey;A. Rane;S. Sharma;S. Chenarani;E. Eskandari Tadavani;S. M. Etesami;M. Khakzad;M. Mohammadi Najafabadi;M. Naseri;S. Paktinat Mehdiabadi;F. Rezaei Hosseinabadi;B. Safarzadeh;M. Zeinali;M. Felcini;M. Grunewald;M. Abbrescia;C. Calabria;A. Colaleo;D. Creanza;L. Cristella;N. De Filippis;M. De Palma;F. Errico;L. Fiore;G. Iaselli;S. Lezki;G. Maggi;M. Maggi;B. Marangelli;G. Miniello;S. My;S. Nuzzo;A. Pompili;G. Pugliese;R. Radogna;A. Ranieri;G. Selvaggi;A. Sharma;L. Silvestris;R. Venditti;P. Verwilligen;G. Zito;G. Abbiendi;C. Battilana;D. Bonacorsi;L. Borgonovi;S. Braibant-Giacomelli;R. Campanini;P. Capiluppi;A. Castro;F. Cavallo;S. S. Chhibra-S.;G. Codispoti;M. Cuffiani;G. Dallavalle;F. Fabbri;A. Fanfani;D. Fasanella;Paolo Giacomelli;C. Grandi;L. Guiducci;F. Iemmi;S. Marcellini;G. Masetti;A. Montanari;F. Navarria;A. Perrotta;A. Rossi;T. Rovelli;G. Siroli;N. Tosi;S. Albergo;S. Costa;A. Di Mattia;F. Giordano;R. Potenza;A. Tricomi;C. Tuvè;G. Barbagli;K. Chatterjee;V. Ciulli;C. Civinini;R. D’Alessandro;E. Focardi;G. Latino;P. Lenzi;M. Meschini;S. Paoletti;L. Russo;G. Sguazzoni;D. Strom;L. Viliani;L. Benussi;S. Bianco;D. Piccolo;F. Primavera;V. Calvelli;F. Ferro;F. Ravera;E. Robutti;S. Tosi;A. Benaglia;A. Beschi;L. Brianza;F. Brivio;V. Ciriolo;M. Dinardo;S. Fiorendi;S. Gennai;A. Ghezzi;P. Govoni;M. Malberti;S. Malvezzi;R. A. Manzoni;D. Menasce;L. Moroni;M. Paganoni;K. Pauwels;D. Pedrini;S. Pigazzini;S. Ragazzi;T. Tabarelli de Fatis;S. Buontempo;N. Cavallo;S. Di Guida;F. Fabozzi;F. Fienga;A. Iorio;W. A. Khan;L. Lista;S. Meola;P. Paolucci;C. Sciacca;F. Thyssen;P. Azzi;N. Bacchetta;L. Benato;D. Bisello;A. Boletti;A. Carvalho Antunes De Oliveira;M. Dall’Osso;P. De Castro Manzano;T. Dorigo;U. Dosselli;F. Gasparini;U. Gasparini;A. Gozzelino;S. Lacaprara;P. Lujan;M. Margoni;A. Meneguzzo;N. Pozzobon;P. Ronchese;R. Rossin;F. Simonetto;A. Tiko;E. Torassa;S. Ventura;M. Zanetti;P. Zotto;G. Zumerle;A. Braghieri;A. Magnani;P. Montagna;S. Ratti;V. Re;M. Ressegotti;C. Riccardi;P. Salvini;I. Vai;P. Vitulo;L. Alunni Solestizi;M. Biasini;G. Bilei;C. Cecchi;D. Ciangottini;L. Fanò;P. Lariccia;R. Leonardi;E. Manoni;G. Mantovani;V. Mariani;M. Menichelli;A. Rossi;A. Santocchia;D. Spiga;K. Androsov;P. Azzurri;G. Bagliesi;L. Bianchini;T. Boccali;L. Borrello;R. Castaldi;M. Ciocci;R. Dell'Orso;G. Fedi;L. Giannini;A. Giassi;M. Grippo;F. Ligabue;T. Lomtadze;E. Manca;G. Mandorli;A. Messineo;F. Palla;A. Rizzi;P. Spagnolo;R. Tenchini;G. Tonelli;A. Venturi;P. G. Verdini;L. Barone;F. Cavallari;M. Cipriani;N. Daci;D. Del Re;E. Di Marco;M. Diemoz;S. Gelli;E. Longo;F. Margaroli;B. Marzocchi;P. Meridiani;G. Organtini;R. Paramatti;F. Preiato;S. Rahatlou;C. Rovelli;F. Santanastasio;N. Amapane;R. Arcidiacono;S. Argirò;M. Arneodo;N. Bartosik;R. Bellan;C. Biino;N. Cartiglia;R. Castello;F. Cenna;M. Costa;R. Covarelli;A. Degano;N. Demaria;B. Kiani;C. Mariotti;S. Maselli;E. Migliore;V. Monaco;E. Monteil;M. Monteno;M. Obertino;L. Pacher;N. Pastrone;M. Pelliccioni;G. Pinna Angioni;A. Romero;M. Ruspa;R. Sacchi;K. Shchelina;V. Sola;A. Solano;A. Staiano;P. Traczyk;S. Belforte;M. Casarsa;F. Cossutti;G. Della Ricca;A. Zanetti;D. Kim;G.N. Kim;M.S. Kim;J. Lee;S. Lee;S.W. Lee;C. Moon;Y. Oh;S. Sekmen;D. Son;Y.C. Yang;H. Kim;D. Moon;G. Oh;J. 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