Collaborative Proposal: Chicxulub impact effects and the recovery of life using scientific drilling investigations at ground zero

合作提案：希克苏鲁伯撞击效应和利用归零地科学钻探调查恢复生命

• 批准号: 1737351
• 负责人: Sean Gulick
• 金额: $ 56.64万
• 依托单位: University of Texas at Austin
• 依托单位国家: 美国
• 项目类别: Continuing Grant
• 财政年份: 2017
• 资助国家: 美国
• 起止时间: 2017-08-15 至 2020-07-31
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/showAward?AWD_ID=1737351&HistoricalAwards=false
• 关键词: Collaborative; Proposal; Chicxulub; impact; effects

The latest of Earth?s five largest mass extinction events occurred coeval with the impact of a ~14 km asteroid into the Yucatan Peninsula (Mexico), ending the Mesozoic Era. In April-May 2016, the International Ocean Discovery Program (IODP), with co-funding from the International Continental Scientific Drilling Program (ICDP), successfully cored with nearly 100% recovery from 505-1337 m below seafloor into the resulting 200 km-wide Chicxulub impact crater. These cores record an extraordinary sequence of impact and post-impact events. This project will investigate these unique cores further to understand the local and global effects of the only impact conclusively linked to a mass extinction event. This research is part of a larger international effort, including ~40 scientists from 14 countries, and also supports education and mentoring at the graduate and post-graduate level. Project researchers will continue to engage in outreach and education through media interviews, museum displays, and other activities to highlight the research to the general public. The recent IODP-ICDP drilling expedition at Chicxulub recovered the first-ever samples of an unequivocal peak ring. A peak ring is a discontinuous ring of mountains observed within the central basin of all large impact craters on rocky planets. The discovery that Chicxulub?s peak ring consists of largely granitic crust uplifted by ~10 km calibrates impact models, allows for observation of impact processes, and for a first-order assessment of the environmental consequences of the impact (?kill mechanisms?). Newly recovered cores include the uplifted target rocks: melt-rich impact generated rock types, hydrothermal deposits, a tsunami bed coupled with a settling layer, and the resumption of carbonate sedimentation. These lithologies record processes spanning from minutes to millions of years post-impact. The proposed work will: 1. Reconstruct thermal history of the peak ring and the duration of the impact-induced hydrothermal system to determine how these processes affected the return of life to the crater.2. Compare rock fragments in the impact rocks to pre-impact stratigraphy to quantify the volatiles released and constrain models of impact-induced climate change and extinction. 3. Find the first conclusive evidence of the asteroid within the crater to tie to global K-Pg boundary records and identify the possible influence of metal toxicity.4. Investigate the fossil record of the boundary sequence, in concert with the sedimentology, stratigraphy, and environmental chemistry, to illuminate possible killing mechanisms and determine the pace and timing of the recovery within the crater from the weeks after the impact through the early Paleocene.

地球上五次最大的大规模灭绝事件中的最新一次发生在一颗约 14 公里的小行星撞击尤卡坦半岛（墨西哥）的同时，结束了中生代时代。 2016 年 4 月至 5 月，国际海洋发现计划 (IODP) 在国际大陆科学钻探计划 (ICDP) 的共同资助下，成功地从海底以下 505-1337 米到 200 公里的海底取芯，回收率接近 100%。宽阔的希克苏鲁伯撞击坑。这些核心记录了一系列非凡的撞击和撞击后事件。该项目将进一步调查这些独特的核心，以了解唯一与大规模灭绝事件有关的影响对当地和全球的影响。这项研究是一项更大的国际努力的一部分，其中包括来自 14 个国家的约 40 名科学家，并且还支持研究生和研究生级别的教育和指导。项目研究人员将继续通过媒体采访、博物馆展示和其他活动进行推广和教育，向公众宣传研究成果。 最近在希克苏鲁伯 (Chicxulub) 进行的 IODP-ICDP 钻探探险首次发现了明确的峰环样本。峰环是在岩石行星上所有大型撞击坑的中央盆地内观察到的不连续的山脉环。希克苏鲁伯峰环主要由上升约 10 公里的花岗岩地壳组成的这一发现校准了撞击模型，允许观察撞击过程，并对撞击的环境后果进行一级评估（“杀伤机制”）。新回收的岩心包括隆起的目标岩石：富含熔体的冲击产生的岩石类型、热液矿床、海啸床和沉降层以及碳酸盐沉积的恢复。这些岩性记录了撞击后几分钟到数百万年的过程。拟议的工作将： 1. 重建峰环的热历史和撞击引起的热液系统的持续时间，以确定这些过程如何影响陨石坑生命的回归。2.将撞击岩石中的岩石碎片与撞击前地层进行比较，以量化释放的挥发物并限制撞击引起的气候变化和灭绝的模型。 3. 找到小行星在陨石坑内的第一个确凿证据，以与全球 K-Pg 边界记录联系起来，并确定金属毒性可能的影响。4.结合沉积学、地层学和环境化学研究边界序列的化石记录，以阐明可能的杀伤机制，并确定从撞击后几周到古新世早期陨石坑内恢复的速度和时间。

项目成果

Rapid macrobenthic diversification and stabilization after the end-Cretaceous mass extinction event

白垩纪末大规模灭绝事件后大型底栖生物的快速多样化和稳定

• DOI: 10.1130/g47589.1
• 发表时间: 2020-07-13
• 期刊: Geology
• 影响因子: 5.8
• 作者: F. Rodríguez;Christopher M. Lowery;T. Bralower;S. Gulick;H. Jones
• 通讯作者: H. Jones

Probing the hydrothermal system of the Chicxulub impact crater

探测希克苏鲁伯撞击坑的热液系统

• DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aaz3053
• 发表时间: 2020-05
• 期刊: Science Advances
• 影响因子: 13.6
• 作者: Kring, David A.;Tikoo, Sonia M.;Schmieder, Martin;Riller, Ulrich;Rebolledo;Simpson, Sarah L.;Osinski, Gordon R.;Gattacceca, Jérôme;Wittmann, Axel;Verhagen, Christina M.;et al
• 通讯作者: et al

Stress‐Strain Evolution During Peak‐Ring Formation: A Case Study of the Chicxulub Impact Structure

峰环形成过程中的应力应变演化：希克苏鲁伯冲击结构的案例研究

• DOI: 10.1029/2018je005821
• 发表时间: 2019-01
• 期刊: Journal of geophysical research
• 作者: Rae; Auriol SP
• 通讯作者: Auriol SP

Rock fluidization during peak-ring formation of large impact structures

大型冲击结构峰环形成过程中的岩石流化

• DOI: 10.1038/s41586-018-0607-z
• 发表时间: 2018-10
• 期刊: Nature
• 影响因子: 64.8
• 作者: Riller, Ulrich;Poelchau, Michael H.;Rae, Auriol S.;Schulte, Felix M.;Collins, Gareth S.;Melosh, H. Jay;Grieve, Richard A.;Morgan, Joanna V.;Gulick, Sean P.;Lofi, Johanna;et al
• 通讯作者: et al

Impact‐Induced Porosity and Microfracturing at the Chicxulub Impact Structure

希克苏鲁伯冲击结构的冲击诱发孔隙度和微裂缝

• DOI: 10.1029/2019je005929
• 发表时间: 2019-07
• 期刊: Journal of Geophysical Research: Planets
• 作者: Rae, Auriol S. P.;Collins, Gareth S.;Morgan, Joanna V.;Salge, Tobias;Christeson, Gail L.;Leung, Jody;Lofi, Johanna;Gulick, Sean P. S.;Poelchau, Michael;Riller, Ulrich;et al
• 通讯作者: et al