Doctoral Dissertation Research: Ethnicity, Difference and the Feasibility of Spatial Exclusion Policies in Resolving Land Conflicts

博士论文研究：民族、差异与空间排斥政策解决土地冲突的可行性

• 批准号: 1657688
• 负责人: Kendra McSweeney
• 金额: $ 1.56万
• 依托单位: Ohio State University
• 依托单位国家: 美国
• 项目类别: Standard Grant
• 财政年份: 2017
• 资助国家: 美国
• 起止时间: 2017-05-15 至 2019-10-31
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/showAward?AWD_ID=1657688&HistoricalAwards=false
• 关键词: Doctoral; Dissertation; Research; Ethnicity; Difference

This research seeks to understand the conditions under which the identity of small farmers - as "indigenous" or not - shapes land conflicts. In many frontier regions, violent land conflicts often pit indigenous people against non-indigenous farmers who are newly arrived at the frontier. These migrants are often landless and have been displaced from other settings. They are also commonly blamed for land conflicts, and accused of invading indigenous lands and destroying forests. Most efforts to solve land conflicts recommend the expulsion of migrants, especially when they are settling on indigenous land. This research focuses on migrant expulsion and other policies of spatial exclusion to explore the degree to which, in their conceptualization and practice, they "blame the victim". The research posits that such strategies obscure the ability to address the broader political-economic processes that contributed to displacement and migration of non-indigenous people to indigenous territories in the first place. The researchers will test the idea that such policies are likely to do more harm than good by not addressing these broader issues. Such research is vital, because migrant expulsion policies, while still relatively new, are being considered by multiple countries as a means of adjudicating land disputes in land- and resource-rich frontiers. This research thus aims to make a direct contribution to the high-stakes debate on the feasibility of such policies. At the local level, the researchers cooperate closely with local universities to contribute to institution-building and academic training. Moreover, collaboration with indigenous and non-indigenous communities at all stages of the research process ensures that their data and research needs are incorporated into the research design. The project provides support to a PhD student to complete dissertation research.The research is novel in highlighting the viewpoints of non-indigenous migrants. The work is grounded in literatures in political ecology and cultural politics and draws on critical race theory in new ways. Migrant expulsion is conceptualized as an instance of difference-making, resulting from the dominance of neoliberal modes of governance and market-based approaches to environmental conservation. It ignores the often shared experiences of marginalization and dispossession and the multiple identities within the non-indigenous group. The researchers suggest that challenging these facile categorizations requires attention to how local people articulate and negotiate their identities in relation to land. Toward this end, building on prior interviews with policy makers and ongoing analysis of census data, the co-PI will analyze territorial conflicts and their possible solutions through oral histories, group interviews, and a household survey with non-indigenous and indigenous Mayangna communities on Nicaragua's Atlantic Coast. The multiple methods are designed to answer the core questions: 1) What conditions and motivations propel non-indigenous migration to indigenous territories? 2) How are rights to land understood, and how are they constructed through specific forms of ethnic ascription? 3) How are migrant expulsion and other exclusionary policies perceived on the ground?

这项研究试图了解小农民身份（“土著”是否形成土地冲突）的条件。在许多边境地区，暴力土地冲突常常使土著人民对新来到边境的非土著农民进行土著人民。这些移民通常是无土地的，并且已经从其他环境中流离失所。他们通常也被指责为土地冲突，并被指控入侵土著土地并摧毁森林。解决土地冲突的大多数努力建议驱逐移民，尤其是当他们定居在土著土地上时。这项研究的重点是移民驱逐和空间排斥的其他政策，以探讨他们在概念化和实践中“责备受害者”的程度。研究表明，这种策略掩盖了解决更广泛的政治经济进程的能力，这些过程有助于首先将非土著人民流离失所和迁移到土著地区。研究人员将通过不解决这些更广泛的问题来检验这样的想法，即此类政策可能弊大于利。这样的研究至关重要，因为多个国家仍将移民驱逐政策虽然相对较新，却将其视为裁定土地和资源丰富的边境土地争端的一种手段。因此，这项研究旨在直接为有关此类政策的可行性的高风险辩论做出贡献。 在地方一级，研究人员与当地大学紧密合作，为机构建设和学术培训做出贡献。此外，在研究过程的各个阶段与土著和非土著社区的合作确保了他们的数据和研究需求已纳入研究设计。该项目为博士生提供了支持，以完成论文研究。该研究在突出非土著移民的观点方面是新颖的。这项工作基于政治生态和文化政治的文献，并以新的方式借鉴了批判种族理论。移民驱逐被概念化为差异的实例，这是由于新自由主义的治理方式和基于市场的环境保护方法的主导地位。它忽略了边缘化和剥夺的经常共享的经历以及非土著群体中的多个身份。研究人员认为，挑战这些便利的分类需要注意当地人如何表达和谈判与土地有关的身份。为此，基于对政策制定者的事先访谈以及对人口普查数据的持续分析，Co-Pi将通过口述历史，小组访谈以及对非土著和土著Mayangna社区的家庭调查来分析领土冲突及其可能的解决方案。多种方法旨在回答核心问题：1）哪些条件和动机推动非土著迁移到土著地区？ 2）如何理解土地权，以及如何通过特定形式的种族属性建造？ 3）如何在当地看到移民驱逐和其他排他性政策？

项目成果

Saneamiento Territorial in Nicaragua, and the Prospects for Resolving Indigenous-Mestizo Land Conflicts

尼加拉瓜的萨内米恩托领土和解决土著-混血土地冲突的前景

• DOI: 10.1353/lag.2018.0007
• 发表时间: 2018
• 期刊: Journal of Latin American Geography
• 影响因子: 1.1
• 作者: Sylvander, Nora