Collaborative Proposal: MSB-FRA: Alternative Ecological Futures for the American Residential Macrosystem

合作提案：MSB-FRA：美国住宅宏观系统的替代生态未来

• 批准号: 1638657
• 负责人: James Heffernan
• 金额: $ 26.7万
• 依托单位: Duke University
• 依托单位国家: 美国
• 项目类别: Continuing Grant
• 财政年份: 2017
• 资助国家: 美国
• 起止时间: 2017-01-01 至 2020-12-31
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/showAward?AWD_ID=1638657&HistoricalAwards=false
• 关键词: Collaborative; Proposal; MSB; FRA; Alternative

An apparent, but untested result of changes to the urban landscape is the homogenization of cities, such that neighborhoods in very different parts of the country increasingly exhibit similar patterns in their road systems, residential lots, commercial sites, and aquatic areas; cities have now become more similar to each other than to the native ecosystems that they replaced. This research builds on the team?s prior NSF funded research on the ?ecological homogenization? of the ?American Residential Macrosystem (ARM)? and specifically investigates factors that contribute to stability and/or changes in the ARM. The aim is to determine how factors that effect change?such as shifts in human demographics, desires for biodiversity and water conservation, regulations that govern water use and quality, and dispersal of organisms?will interact with factors that contribute to stability such as social norms, property values, neighborhood and city covenants and laws, and commercial interests. The project will determine ecological implications of alternative futures of the ARM for the assembly of ecological communities, ecosystem function, and responses to environmental change and disturbance at parcel (ecosystem), landscape (city), regional (Metropolitan Statistical Area) and continental scales. Five types of residential parcels as well as embedded semi-natural interstitial ecosystems will be studied, across six U.S. cities (Boston, Baltimore, Miami, Minneapolis-St. Paul, Phoenix, and Los Angeles). Education and outreach work will focus on K-12 teachers and students and on collaborative policy efforts with city, county, and state environmental managers.This project investigates urbanization?s impact on the ecological homogenization of the American Residential Macrosystem (ARM) in terms of plant biodiversity, soil carbon and nitrogen cycle pools and processes, microclimate, hydrography, and land cover. This similarity of ecological characteristics is driven by complex and dynamic human actions at multiple scales?e.g., parcel, neighborhood, and region?that will shape the structure and function of the ARM over 50 to 100 year time frames, with potentially significant continental scale effects on ecological processes and environmental quality. This research addresses two core questions. First, what factors contribute to maintenance and change in the ARM? While this macrosystem is a relatively homogeneous mixture of grass lawns, shrubs, trees and impervious surfaces, there is a critical need to determine how drivers of change such as shifts in human population and ethnicity, increasing desires for biodiversity and water conservation, and regulations governing water use and quality will interact with stabilizing factors such as social norms, property values, neighborhood and city covenants and laws, and commercial interests. Researchers will test the hypothesis that that although dispersal from natural and interstitial areas, climate change, and changes in homeowner knowledge will promote ecological change; institutions, norms and values will function as counteracting, stabilizing forces on these ecological dynamics. This hypothesis will be tested by evaluating the factors that motivate change and stability at multiple scales. Results will be used to produce quantitative, data-based scenarios of future land-use patterns in the ARM. Second, what are the ecological implications of alternative futures of this macrosystem for community assembly and ecosystem function at parcel (ecosystem), landscape (city), regional (Metropolitan Statistical Area), and continental scales? The hypothesis to be tested is that management that promotes nutrient- and water-use efficient and wildlife-supporting plants as well as lower inputs of water and nutrients will give rise to greater regional biodiversity across trophic levels, higher nutrient retention, lower water use, and reduced runoff and losses of soil carbon and nitrogen from residential yards at the regional scale. Five types of residential parcels that vary in management goals and intensity and embedded semi-natural interstitial ecosystems will be studied in six U.S. cities across the U.S. (Boston, Baltimore, Miami, Minneapolis-St. Paul, Phoenix, and Los Angeles), to quantify influences on ecological dynamics. This information will be linked to land use scenarios to address the regional and continental-scale impacts of these effects. Three postdocs will be mentored as co-investigators on this project. The research program will also include interaction with municipal decision makers focused on sustainability and add a new ?Panel of Experts? feature to the YardMap citizen science program developed at Cornell University.

城市景观变化的一个明显但未经检验的结果是城市的同质化，使得该国不同地区的社区在道路系统、住宅区、商业场所和水域方面越来越多地表现出相似的模式；现在，城市之间的相似度超过了它们所取代的本地生态系统的相似度。这项研究建立在该团队先前由 NSF 资助的“生态同质化”研究的基础上。 “美国住宅宏系统（ARM）”？并专门研究有助于 ARM 稳定性和/或变化的因素。目的是确定影响变化的因素（例如人口统计的变化、对生物多样性和水资源保护的愿望、水的使用和质量的监管以及生物体的扩散）如何与有助于稳定的因素（例如社会规范）相互作用、财产价值、邻里和城市契约和法律以及商业利益。该项目将确定 ARM 替代未来对生态群落组装、生态系统功能以及对地块（生态系统）、景观（城市）、区域（大都市统计区）和大陆尺度的环境变化和干扰的响应的生态影响。将研究美国六个城市（波士顿、巴尔的摩、迈阿密、明尼阿波利斯-圣保罗、菲尼克斯和洛杉矶）的五种类型的住宅地块以及嵌入式半自然间隙生态系统。教育和外展工作将重点关注 K-12 教师和学生，以及与市、县和州环境管理者的合作政策工作。该项目从以下方面调查城市化对美国住宅宏观系统 (ARM) 生态同质化的影响：植物生物多样性、土壤碳和氮循环库和过程、小气候、水文学和土地覆盖。这种生态特征的相似性是由多个尺度（例如地块、邻里和区域）复杂且动态的人类行为驱动的，这些行为将在 50 至 100 年的时间范围内塑造 ARM 的结构和功能，并可能对大陆尺度产生重大影响生态过程和环境质量。这项研究解决了两个核心问题。首先，哪些因素会影响 ARM 的维护和变更？虽然这个宏观系统是草坪、灌木、树木和不透水表面的相对均匀的混合物，但迫切需要确定变化的驱动因素，例如人口和种族的变化、对生物多样性和水资源保护的日益增长的愿望以及管理法规用水和水质将与社会规范、财产价值、邻里和城市契约和法律以及商业利益等稳定因素相互作用。研究人员将检验这样一个假设：尽管从自然和间隙区域扩散，但气候变化和房主知识的变化将促进生态变化；制度、规范和价值观将起到抵消和稳定这些生态动态的作用。该假设将通过评估在多个尺度上激发变化和稳定的因素来检验。结果将用于生成 ARM 中未来土地利用模式的基于数据的定量情景。其次，这个宏观系统的替代未来对于地块（生态系统）、景观（城市）、区域（大都市统计区）和大陆尺度的群落组装和生态系统功能有何生态影响？ 要检验的假设是，促进养分和水利用效率高、支持野生动物的植物以及减少水和养分投入的管理将提高跨营养级别的区域生物多样性、更高的养分保留、更低的用水量、减少区域范围内住宅庭院的径流以及土壤碳和氮的损失。将在美国六个城市（波士顿、巴尔的摩、迈阿密、明尼阿波利斯-圣保罗、菲尼克斯和洛杉矶）研究五种类型的住宅地块，这些住宅地块的管理目标和强度各不相同，并且嵌入半自然间隙生态系统。量化对生态动态的影响。这些信息将与土地利用情景联系起来，以解决这些影响对区域和大陆规模的影响。三名博士后将作为该项目的联合研究员接受指导。该研究计划还将包括与关注可持续发展的市政决策者进行互动，并增加一个新的“专家小组”。康奈尔大学开发的 YardMap 公民科学计划的一个特色。

项目成果

Urban soil carbon and nitrogen converge at a continental scale

城市土壤碳和氮在大陆范围内汇聚

• DOI: 10.1002/ecm.1401
• 发表时间: 2020-01
• 期刊: Ecological Monographs
• 影响因子: 6.1
• 作者: Trammell, Tara L. E.;Pataki, Diane E.;Pouyat, Richard V.;Groffman, Peter M.;Rosier, Carl;Bettez, Neil;Cavender‐Bares, Jeannine;Grove, Morgan J.;Hall, Sharon J.;Heffernan, James;et al
• 通讯作者: et al

Land use and topography bend and break fractal rules of water body size-distributions: Water Body Size-Distributions Bend and Break

土地利用和地形弯曲和破坏水体尺寸分布的分形规则: Water Body Size-Distributions Bend and Break

• DOI: 10.1002/lol2.10038
• 发表时间: 2017-06
• 期刊: Limnology and Oceanography Letters
• 影响因子: 7.8
• 作者: Steele, Meredith K.;Heffernan, James B.
• 通讯作者: Heffernan, James B.

Climate and lawn management interact to control C 4 plant distribution in residential lawns across seven U.S. cities

气候和草坪管理相互作用，控制美国七个城市住宅草坪中 C 4 植物的分布

• DOI: 10.1002/eap.1884
• 发表时间: 2019-04
• 期刊: Ecological Applications
• 影响因子: 5
• 作者: Trammell, Tara L.;Pataki, Diane E.;Still, Christopher J.;Ehleringer, James R.;Avolio, Meghan L.;Bettez, Neil;Cavender‐Bares, Jeannine;Groffman, Peter M.;Grove, Morgan;Hall, Sharon J.;et al
• 通讯作者: et al

Residential household yard care practices along urban-exurban gradients in six climatically-diverse U.S. metropolitan areas

美国六个气候多样化的大都市区沿城郊梯度的住宅庭院护理实践

• DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0222630
• 发表时间: 2019-11
• 期刊: PLOS ONE
• 影响因子: 3.7
• 作者: Locke, Dexter H.;Polsky, Colin;Grove, J. Morgan;Groffman, Peter M.;Nelson, Kristen C.;Larson, Kelli L.;Cavender;Heffernan, James B.;Chowdhury, Rinku Roy;Hobbie, Sarah E.;et al
• 通讯作者: et al

Municipal regulation of residential landscapes across US cities: Patterns and implications for landscape sustainability

美国城市住宅景观的市政监管：景观可持续性的模式和影响

• DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2020.111132
• 发表时间: 2020-12
• 期刊: Journal of Environmental Management
• 影响因子: 8.7
• 作者: Larson, Kelli L.;Andrade, Riley;Nelson, Kristen C.;Wheeler, Megan M.;Engebreston, Jesse M.;Hall, Sharon J.;Avolio, Meghan L.;Groffman, Peter M.;Grove, Morgan;Heffernan, James B.;et al
• 通讯作者: et al