Scientific Program Overview (SPO): Remote sensing of Electrification, Lighting, And Mesoscale/microscale Processes with Adaptive Ground Observations (RELAMPAGO)

科学计划概述 (SPO)：利用自适应地面观测对电气化、照明和中尺度/微观过程进行遥感 (RELAMPAGO)

• 批准号: 1628708
• 负责人: Stephen Nesbitt
• 金额: $ 2.39万
• 依托单位: University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
• 依托单位国家: 美国
• 项目类别: Standard Grant
• 财政年份: 2016
• 资助国家: 美国
• 起止时间: 2016-08-01 至 2018-07-31
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/showAward?AWD_ID=1628708&HistoricalAwards=false
• 关键词: Scientific; Program; Overview; SPO; Remote

This is a scientific planning overview (SPO) for planning the RELAMPAGO (Remote sensing of Electrification, Lightning, And Mesoscale/microscale Processes with Adaptive Ground Observations) field program from 1 Nov - 15 Dec 2018 in west central Argentina in the general vicinity of the Sierras de Cordoba (SDC) and the Andes foothills near Mendoza. This region arguably has among the most intense convective systems in the world with respect to the frequency of large hail, high storm tops, and extreme lightning activity, yet much remains unknown about the scarcely observed intense convection in this region. RELAMPAGO, leveraging the repeatability of storms in the region, aims to address science questions related to the pre-initiation to initiation, initial organization, and growth/backbuilding stages of storm development, which are poorly understood. New insights into connections between the extreme hydroclimate, high impact weather, and atmospheric dynamical processes in meteorological and geographical settings unique to the these regions can be obtained by bringing together NSF facilities with (1) new operational dual-polarization radars in Argentina, (2) significant contributions from Argentina, Brazil, Chile, NOAA, and NASA, and (3) a complementary funded U.S. Department of Energy major field campaign called Clouds, Aerosols, and Complex Terrain Interactions (CACTI).To address these objectives, the field campaign will obtain targeted, multi-platform observations from the subsurface through the depth of the troposphere throughout the region to characterize the synoptic scale, mesoscale, and convective scale thermodynamic and kinematic environmental evolution during convective events with varying morphologies, evolutions of cloud and precipitation properties, and severe weather characteristics. An adaptive ground-based and aircraft-based network, including mobile mesonets, lightning instruments, soundings, fixed and mobile Doppler/polarization radars (from W- to S- Band), lidars, microwave profilers, and surface flux measurements, will be used to (1) characterize the pre-convective and convective environments, (2) characterize kinematic and microphysical properties of clouds and precipitation, convective outflows, atmospheric electrification, and hydrometeor size distributions and (3) observe hydrometeorological interactions with convective systems in a region of repeatable observations.Intellectual Merit:RELAMPAGO will provide unique observations of atmospheric and surface conditions in a region with substantial terrain and explore a regime of convection not observed comprehensively. RELAMPAGO will form a key part of an observation network that will elucidate the tight connections between the land surface, complex terrain, convective development, and the production of severe weather, role of terrain processes in initiating and developing organized convective systems and altering flows within and above the convective boundary layer, and roles of environmental moisture, aerosols, and instability on the resultant intensity, organization, precipitation, and high impact weather production of deep convective systems. Through its unique configuration of atmospheric profiling and remote sensing capabilities, understanding of processes that impact prediction of natural hazards will be improved.Broader Impacts:The experimental design, focusing on the contrasting factors controlling the initiation and growth of these systems with the global population of convective storms, particularly in the U.S. Great Plains, will improve understanding of, and the ability to predict, severe convective storms worldwide. The extensive set of observations and research conducted will aid current efforts to install new weather radars and regional lightning networks, and modernize the weather and climate prediction infrastructure in South America, in the development of conceptual models of extreme weather events for use by forecasters in South America and globally, and in combination with improved prediction of weather- and hydrological-related hazards, will lead to reductions in future loss of life and property. Education and outreach in several universities and schools in subtropical South America and the U.S., extensive international student and scientist cooperation and involvement in the observation campaign, and a large internet presence through social media and webinars will enhance collaboration and awareness across the Americas as well as train the next generation of scientists and engineers in the Americas.

这是一份科学规划概述 (SPO)，用于规划 2018 年 11 月 1 日至 12 月 15 日在阿根廷中西部地区的 RELAMPAGO（通过自适应地面观测遥感电气化、闪电和中尺度/微观过程）实地计划。科尔多瓦山脉 (SDC) 和门多萨附近的安第斯山麓。就大冰雹、高风暴顶和极端闪电活动的频率而言，该地区可以说是世界上最强烈的对流系统之一，但对于该地区几乎观察不到的强对流，人们仍然知之甚少。 RELAMPAGO 利用该地区风暴的可重复性，旨在解决与风暴发展的预启动、启动、初始组织和增长/重建阶段相关的科学问题，而这些问题目前人们知之甚少。通过将 NSF 设施与 (1) 阿根廷新投入使用的双极化雷达结合在一起，可以对这些地区特有的气象和地理环境中的极端水文气候、高影响天气和大气动力过程之间的联系获得新的见解，(2 ) 阿根廷、巴西、智利、NOAA 和 NASA 的重大贡献，以及 (3) 美国能源部补充资助的主要实地活动，称为云、气溶胶和复杂地形相互作用 (CACTI)。为了实现这些目标，实地活动将获得整个区域从地下到对流层深度的有针对性的多平台观测，以表征不同形态的对流事件期间的天气尺度、中尺度和对流尺度热力学和运动学环境演化、云和云的演化。降水特性和恶劣天气特征。将使用自适应地面和机载网络，包括移动介电网络、闪电仪器、探测、固定和移动多普勒/偏振雷达（从W波段到S波段）、激光雷达、微波剖面仪和表面通量测量(1) 表征对流前和对流环境，(2) 表征云和降水的运动学和微物理特性、对流流出、大气带电和水凝物尺寸分布，以及(3) 在可重复观测的区域中观察水文气象与对流系统的相互作用。智力价值：RELAMPAGO 将提供对具有大量地形的区域的大气和地表条件的独特观测，并探索未全面观测的对流状况。 RELAMPAGO 将构成观测网络的关键部分，该网络将阐明陆地表面、复杂地形、对流发展和恶劣天气产生之间的紧密联系，地形过程在启动和发展有组织的对流系统以及改变内部和外部流动方面的作用。对流边界层上方，以及环境湿度、气溶胶和不稳定性对深对流系统的强度、组织、降水和高影响天气产生的作用。 通过其独特的大气剖面和遥感能力配置，将提高对影响自然灾害预测的过程的理解。更广泛的影响：实验设计，重点关注控制这些系统的启动和增长与全球人口的对比因素。对流风暴，特别是在美国大平原的对流风暴，将提高对全球强对流风暴的了解和预测能力。所进行的广泛的观测和研究将有助于当前安装新的天气雷达和区域闪电网络的努力，并使南美洲的天气和气候预测基础设施现代化，开发极端天气事件的概念模型，供南美洲的预报员使用。美国和全球，再加上对天气和水文相关灾害的预测的改进，将减少未来的生命和财产损失。南美洲亚热带地区和美国的几所大学和学校的教育和推广、广泛的国际学生和科学家合作以及对观测活动的参与，以及通过社交媒体和网络研讨会在互联网上的大量存在，将增强整个美洲以及全世界的合作和意识。培训美洲下一代科学家和工程师。