Doctoral Dissertation Improvement Award: Household Response To Changing Environmental, Demographic And Social Conditions

博士论文改进奖：家庭对不断变化的环境、人口和社会条件的反应

• 批准号: 1627005
• 负责人: Gregory Wilson
• 金额: $ 2.52万
• 依托单位: University of California-Santa Barbara
• 依托单位国家: 美国
• 项目类别: Standard Grant
• 财政年份: 2016
• 资助国家: 美国
• 起止时间: 2016-05-15 至 2019-05-31
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/showAward?AWD_ID=1627005&HistoricalAwards=false
• 关键词: Doctoral; Dissertation; Improvement; Award; Household

Researchers wish to understand the processes by which societies become "complex"; that is, under what kind of conditions a group came to be differentiated and/or stratified. However, many existing models for studying incipient social complexity overlook crucial variation in societies whose changing social-political order cannot readily be characterized as more or less hierarchical (e.g., when communities seem to be changing in composition, but not with evidence of increasing inequality.) Additionally, climatic instability and a changing resource base are frequently identified as factors contributing to social upheaval and reorganization. These issues have relevance to our own society, and examination can contribute to an understanding of the ways in which individuals in a society can react to and gird against dramatic ecological and environmental changes. How does resource scarcity or unpredictability affect community organization? And why does social inequality, as in this particular case study, not arise where we might expect it to? Archaeology in general, and this project specifically, is uniquely positioned to address these questions. Excavations for this project will be conducted at a site that has been subject to looting; this project will illustrate that looted sites can still be informative to researchers and should remain subject to protection. Community outreach in the form of talks and presentations to emphasize the importance of respecting and protecting local archaeological resources are a key part of this project. Dr. Gregory D. Wilson and Jenna K. Santy, of the University of California, Santa Barbara (UCSB), will investigate changes in social organization during two periods of pre-Columbian occupation in Owens Valley, in eastern California. During a time period when known changes occurred (such as the introduction of the bow and arrow, the introduction and spread of pottery, dramatic shifts in food resources, and increasing climatic instability), how was small-scale, village-level social organization changing as well? Using household-level data, obtained by excavation supported by NSF but also from existing, un-analyzed collections, this project will investigate how individual household subsistence strategies compared to neighboring households, and will assess how space was used and organized differently. Spatial analyses include a method using chemical-isotopic levels in soil as a proxy for activity areas, as certain activities (such as eating and food processing) leave traces in soil visible long after the activities occurred. This project will also assess where certain features of village life were located: where were cooking and storage activities taking place? Inside the house, away from the eyes of others in the village? Or in open space, suggesting a communal orientation? Excavation will be carried out by undergraduate and graduate student volunteers, who will be trained in field methods as part of this project.

研究人员希望了解社会变得“复杂”的过程；也就是说，在哪种条件下，一个组开始区分和/或分层。然而，许多现有用于研究初步社会复杂性的模型忽略了社会变化的社会秩序的关键差异，这些差异无法轻易地被视为或多或少地将其表征为层次结构（例如，当社区似乎在组成中发生变化时，但没有越来越不平等的证据。）另外，还具有越来越多的不平等的证据。）氛围不稳定和不断变化的资源基础经常被贡献为因素贡献和贡献社会的贡献和改善。这些问题与我们自己的社会有关，检查可以有助于理解一个社会中个人可以对戏剧性生态和环境变化的反应和束缚的方式。资源稀缺或不可预测性如何影响社区组织？为什么像在这个特定案例研究中一样，社会不平等会在我们可能期望的地方出现？总体而言，考古学，特别是这个项目，可以独特地解决这些问题。该项目的发掘将在经过抢劫的地点进行；该项目将说明被掠夺的站点仍然可以为研究人员提供信息，并应受到保护。以谈判和演讲形式进行社区宣传，以强调尊重和保护当地考古资源的重要性是该项目的关键部分。加利福尼亚大学圣塔芭芭拉分校（UCSB）的Gregory D. Wilson和Jenna K. Santy博士将在加利福尼亚州东部的欧文斯山谷（Owens Valley）进行两次社会组织的变化。在发生已知变化的时期（例如引入弓箭和箭头，陶器的引入和传播，食品资源的急剧转变以及日益增加的气候不稳定），小规模，乡村级社会组织的变化如何？该项目使用由NSF支持的挖掘和从现有的未分析收藏中获得的开挖数据获得的，该项目将调查单个家庭生存策略与邻近家庭相比的方式，并将评估如何使用和组织空间的方式不同。空间分析包括一种使用土壤中化学分类水平作为活动区域的代理的方法，因为某些活动（例如饮食和食物加工）在活动发生后很长时间在土壤中留下了痕迹。该项目还将评估乡村生活的某些特征的位置：烹饪和存储活动在哪里？在房子里，远离村庄别人的眼睛？还是在开放空间中提示社区取向？挖掘将由本科生和研究生志愿者进行，他们将在现场方法中接受培训，作为该项目的一部分。