CPS: Breakthrough: Collaborative Research: The Interweaving of Humans and Physical Systems: A Perspective From Power Systems

CPS：突破：协作研究：人类与物理系统的交织：电力系统的视角

• 批准号: 1544548
• 负责人: Ramesh Johari
• 金额: $ 25万
• 依托单位: Stanford University
• 依托单位国家: 美国
• 项目类别: Standard Grant
• 财政年份: 2015
• 资助国家: 美国
• 起止时间: 2015-10-01 至 2019-09-30
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/showAward?AWD_ID=1544548&HistoricalAwards=false
• 关键词: CPS; Breakthrough; Collaborative; Research; Interweaving

As information technology has transformed physical systems such as the power grid, the interface between these systems and their human users has become both richer and much more complex. For example, from the perspective of an electricity consumer, a whole host of devices and technologies are transforming how they interact with the grid: demand response programs; electric vehicles; "smart" thermostats and appliances; etc. These novel technologies are also forcing us to rethink how the grid interacts with its users, because critical objectives such as stability and robustness require effective integration among the many diverse users in the grid. This project studies the complex interweaving of humans and physical systems. Traditionally, a separation principle has been used to isolate humans from physical systems. This principle requires users to have preferences that are well-defined, stable, and quickly discoverable. These assumptions are increasingly violated in practice: users' preferences are often not well-defined; unstable over time; and take time to discover. Our project articulates a new framework for interactions between physical systems and their users, where users' preferences must be repeatedly learned over time while the system continually operates with respect to imperfect preference information.We focus on the area of power systems. Our project has three main thrusts. First, user models are rethought to reflect the fact this new dynamic view of user preferences, where even the users are learning over time. The second thrust focuses on developing a new system model that learns about users, since we cannot understand users in a "single-shot"; rather, repeated interaction with the user is required. We then focus on the integration of these two new models. How do we control and operate a physical system, in the presence of the interacting "learning loops", while mediating between many competing users? We apply ideas from mean field games and optimal power flow to capture, analyze, and transform the interaction between the system and the ongoing preference discovery process. Our methods will yield guidance for market design in power systems where user preferences are constantly evolving. If successful, our project will usher in a fundamental change in interfacing physical systems and users. For example, in the power grid, our project directly impacts how utilities design demand response programs; how smart devices learn from users; and how the smart grid operates. In support of this goal, the PIs intend to develop avenues for knowledge transfer through interactions with industry. The PIs will also change their education programs to reflect a greater entanglement between physical systems and users.

随着信息技术已经改变了物理系统，例如电网，这些系统与其人类用户之间的接口变得更加富裕，更加复杂。例如，从电力消费者的角度来看，许多设备和技术正在改变它们与网格的交互方式：需求响应程序；电动汽车； “智能”恒温器和电器；这些新颖的技术还迫使我们重新考虑网格如何与用户相互作用，因为诸如稳定性和鲁棒性之类的关键目标需要在网格中许多多样化的用户之间有效整合。该项目研究了人类和物理系统的复杂交织。传统上，分离原理已被用来将人类与物理系统隔离开来。该原则要求用户具有定义明确，稳定且可以快速发现的偏好。这些假设在实践中越来越受到侵犯：用户的偏好通常不是明确的；随着时间的流逝不稳定；并花点时间发现。我们的项目阐明了物理系统与用户之间的互动框架的新框架，在该框架中，必须随着时间的推移反复学习用户的偏好，而系统则在不完美的偏好信息方面不断运行。我们关注电源系统领域。我们的项目有三个主要推力。首先，重新考虑用户模型，以反映用户偏好的这种新的动态视图，即使用户随着时间的推移也在学习。第二个推力重点是开发一个新的系统模型，该模型了解用户，因为我们无法以“单一摄影”了解用户。相反，需要与用户重复交互。然后，我们专注于这两个新模型的集成。在相互作用的“学习循环”的存在下，我们如何控制和操作物理系统，同时在许多竞争用户之间进行调解？我们将平均现场游戏和最佳功率流的想法应用于捕获，分析和改变系统与正在进行的偏好发现过程之间的相互作用。我们的方法将在用户偏好不断发展的电力系统中为市场设计提供指导。如果成功，我们的项目将引入接口物理系统和用户的根本变化。例如，在电网中，我们的项目直接影响公用事业设计需求响应计划的方式；智能设备如何向用户学习；以及智能电网的运行方式。为了支持这一目标，PIS打算通过与行业互动来开发知识转移的途径。 PI还将更改其教育计划，以反映物理系统和用户之间的更大纠缠。