Socioecological factors and patterns of growth and development in two gorilla species

两种大猩猩的社会生态因素和生长发育模式

• 批准号: 1520221
• 负责人: Shannon McFarlin
• 金额: $ 37.15万
• 依托单位: George Washington University
• 依托单位国家: 美国
• 项目类别: Standard Grant
• 财政年份: 2015
• 资助国家: 美国
• 起止时间: 2015-08-15 至 2019-07-31
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/showAward?AWD_ID=1520221&HistoricalAwards=false
• 关键词: Socioecological; factors; patterns; growth; development

A central challenge in human evolutionary studies is to understand when, how and in what social and ecological context unique features of modern human life history evolved, including our early age at weaning, prolonged period of slow childhood growth, and late age at first reproduction. These key elements of our life histories are proposed underlie key shifts in human cognitive and behavioral evolution. Our closest living relatives, the great apes, provide critical comparisons for investigating human life history evolution, but current knowledge of their physical growth patterns remains overwhelmingly derived from captive studies and from chimpanzees. This project uses non-invasive methods to study growth and development in two long-term study populations of wild gorillas, for which there are very few existing data. The outcome of this research will significantly advance our understanding of comparative great ape development and will critically inform fundamental questions about the evolutionary origins of modern human life history. In addition, the research will result in a valuable new dataset of interest to researchers across several disciplines, and support important efforts in primate conservation, student training, research infrastructure, and international collaboration. This research employs a novel combination of non-invasive methods to integrate morphological, physiological, and behavioral data to generate a comprehensive understanding of the manner in which observed differences in life history and socioecology interact with variation in physical ontogeny within and among ecologically distinct populations of wild gorillas. Data to be collected from Karisoke mountain gorillas (N=115; 0-18 years, N=80 based on current demographics) include measures of morphological growth and development (dental emergence, linear body dimensions, muscle mass via urinary creatinine), maternal and offspring energetics and diet (urinary C-peptide, suckling rate and bout duration, diet composition and nutritional content), maternal dominance status and parity, and other measures of behavior (e.g., activity budgets, daily travel distance) and health. These data will be partnered with measures of dental and somatic growth determined from a naturally accumulated skeletal sample at this site. Comparative morphological and behavioral data for wild western lowland gorillas are from the Mbeli Bai Study, Republic of Congo (N=140; 0-18 years, N=50). The project aims to: 1) provide the first data on physical ontogeny in wild mountain gorillas of known age, and test hypothesized socioecological factors influencing variation in development and life history between mountain and western gorillas; 2) test maternal energetics, nutrition and other effects on variation in offspring dental and somatic development within mountain gorillas; 3) test relationships between measures of morphological development and key behavioral and reproductive life history measures in mountain gorillas; and 4) test whether the timing of developmental milestones assessed from skeletal remains differs significantly from those determined from surviving members of the same population. Results will yield a more comprehensive understanding of how and why dental, somatic, reproductive, and behavioral milestones co-vary in closely-related great ape taxa, and by shedding light on how individual variability in life history may be mediated by offspring growth, improve our understanding of reproductive (and thus, evolutionary) outcomes of ontogenetic variation. Further, by generating a comprehensive model of development and life history in these extant populations, and testing the accuracy of our life history inferences from an associated skeletal assemblage, our results are expected to significantly inform approaches to studying life history in fossil contexts.

人类进化研究中的一个核心挑战是了解现代人类生活历史的独特特征的何时，如何，如何以及在哪些社会和生态环境中进化，包括我们在断奶时的幼年，长期延长了童年的长期成长，以及初生时代的晚期。 我们人生历史的这些关键要素是人类认知和行为进化的关键转变的基础。 我们最亲密的亲戚伟大的猿类为研究人类生活历史的演变提供了重要的比较，但是当前对其身体生长模式的知识仍然是从圈养的研究和黑猩猩中得出的。该项目使用非侵入性方法研究野生大猩猩的两个长期研究人群的生长和发展，而现有数据很少。这项研究的结果将大大提高我们对比较伟大的猿类发展的理解，并将对现代人类生活史的进化起源的基本问题进行严格的依据。 此外，这项研究将为多个学科的研究人员提供宝贵的新数据集，并支持灵长类动物保护，学生培训，研究基础设施和国际合作方面的重要努力。这项研究采用了非侵入性方法的新型组合来整合形态，生理和行为数据，从而对观察到的人生历史和社会生态学上观察到的差异与野生大猩猩的生态不同种群的身体变化相互作用的方式进行了全面的理解。 Data to be collected from Karisoke mountain gorillas (N=115; 0-18 years, N=80 based on current demographics) include measures of morphological growth and development (dental emergence, linear body dimensions, muscle mass via urinary creatinine), maternal and offspring energetics and diet (urinary C-peptide, suckling rate and bout duration, diet composition and nutritional content), maternal dominance status and均衡和其他行为衡量标准（例如活动预算，每日旅行距离）和健康。这些数据将与该地点自然积累的骨骼样本确定的牙齿和躯体生长的度量合作。 野生西部低地大猩猩的比较形态和行为数据来自刚果共和国的Mbeli Bai研究（n = 140; 0-18岁，n = 50）。 该项目的目的是：1）提供有关已知年龄的野山大猩猩的身体个体发育的第一批数据，并测试假设的社会生态因素影响山区和西部大猩猩之间发展和生命历史的差异； 2）测试母体能量学，营养和对山大猩猩内后代牙科和躯体发育变异的其他影响； 3）测试形态发展的措施与山上大猩猩的关键行为和生殖生活历史措施之间的关系； 4）测试从骨骼遗骸中评估的发展里程碑的时机是否与同一人群中幸存成员确定的里程碑显着不同。 结果将对密切相关的大猿类分类群的牙齿，体细胞，生殖和行为里程碑进行更全面的理解，以及通过阐明人生历史上的个体变异性如何通过后代增长介导的个人变异性，从而改善我们对生殖（以及进化）的理解。 此外，通过在这些现有人群中产生一种全面的发展和生活历史模型，并根据相关的骨骼组合来测试我们的人生历史的准确性，我们的结果有望大大为研究化石环境中的生活历史的方法提供大量信息。

项目成果

Facial asymmetry tracks genetic diversity among Gorilla subspecies.

• DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2021.2564
• 发表时间: 2022-02-23
• 期刊: Proceedings. Biological sciences
• 作者: McGrath K;Eriksen AB;García-Martínez D;Galbany J;Gómez-Robles A;Massey JS;Fatica LM;Glowacka H;Arbenz-Smith K;Muvunyi R;Stoinski TS;Cranfield MR;Gilardi K;Shalukoma C;de Merode E;Gilissen E;Tocheri MW;McFarlin SC;Heuzé Y
• 通讯作者: Heuzé Y

Unexpected terrestrial hand posture diversity in wild mountain gorillas

野生山地大猩猩意外的陆地手势多样性

• DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.23404
• 发表时间: 2018
• 期刊: American Journal of Physical Anthropology
• 影响因子: 2.8
• 作者: Thompson, Nathan E.;Ostrofsky, Kelly R.;McFarlin, Shannon C.;Robbins, Martha M.;Stoinski, Tara S.;Almécija, Sergio
• 通讯作者: Almécija, Sergio

A radiographic study of permanent molar development in wild Virunga mountain gorillas of known chronological age from Rwanda: KRALICK et al.

对卢旺达已知年龄的野生维龙加山地大猩猩永久磨牙发育的放射照相研究：KRALICK 等人。

• DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.23192
• 发表时间: 2017
• 期刊: American Journal of Physical Anthropology
• 影响因子: 2.8
• 作者: Kralick, Alexandra E.;Loring Burgess, M.;Glowacka, Halszka;Arbenz-Smith, Keely;McGrath, Kate;Ruff, Christopher B.;Chan, King Chong;Cranfield, Michael R.;Stoinski, Tara S.;Bromage, Timothy G.
• 通讯作者: Bromage, Timothy G.

Quantifying linear enamel hypoplasia in Virunga Mountain gorillas and other great apes

• DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.23436
• 发表时间: 2018-06-01
• 期刊: AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY
• 影响因子: 2.8
• 作者: McGrath, Kate;El-Zaatari, Sireen;McFarlin, Shannon C.
• 通讯作者: McFarlin, Shannon C.