RAPID: RUI: Collaborative Research: Rapid Response to Ongoing Tolbachik Eruption

RAPID：RUI：合作研究：对正在进行的托尔巴奇克火山喷发的快速反应

• 批准号: 1321648
• 负责人: Benjamin Edwards
• 金额: $ 2.5万
• 依托单位: Dickinson College
• 依托单位国家: 美国
• 项目类别: Standard Grant
• 财政年份: 2013
• 资助国家: 美国
• 起止时间: 2013-01-15 至 2013-12-31
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/showAward?AWD_ID=1321648&HistoricalAwards=false
• 关键词: RAPID; RUI; Collaborative; Research; Rapid

This RAPID award funds a prompt response to the ongoing, massive eruption of Tolbachik volcano, central Kamchatka, Russia, which started with little warning on November 27, 2012, after 36 years of quiescence. Within two days of the eruption onset the lava flows had already traveled nearly 10 km, covering an area of ~14 km2. The eruption has formed a series of cinder cones that feed lava flows, which at the time of this writing extend for nearly 20 km over the barren slopes of the volcano down into snow-covered forests. The investigators will join an international team of volcanologists who are monitoring the ongoing activity, and will focus on two important aspects of the eruption: (1) interaction of lava with snow and ice, and (2) temporal variations of the composition of erupted lavas and their crystal cargo.Both of these topics are timely for improving our understanding of volcanic eruptions. Gaining a more quantitative understanding of how lava flows interact with snow and ice is critical for assessing hazards at snow and ice covered volcanoes and for improving our ability to recognize ancient deposits formed by lava-snow interactions. Few if any quantitative studies have been attempted in the field to quantify heat transfer from lava to snow or ice; this requires direct field measurements at the front of an active lava flow propagating through the snow/ice-dominating environment. While these conditions are highly ephemeral, they are now present at Tolbachik as the eruption began after much of the surrounding landscape had been covered by seasonal snow, which has created a unique opportunity to measure heat transfer between lava and snow/ice and provide more accurate constraints for experimental and theoretical modeling of their interaction. Having a better understanding of how lava flows rapidly melt snow and ice is important for identifying hazardous areas around snow and ice-covered volcanoes such as Mt. Rainier in the Cascades. Similarly, collection of lava and ash samples during and immediately after their eruption is important because: (i) their juvenile origin can be established unequivocally and (ii) their time of eruption is known precisely. These characteristics are critical for using a series of erupted products to observe compositional trends in the eruptive sequence and to identify magma processes that triggered and currently drive the eruption at Tolbachik. This RAPID award will allow sampling of the eruptive products before they are buried by ash or later lava flows.

该 RAPID 奖项资助对俄罗斯堪察加半岛中部托尔巴奇克火山持续大规模喷发的迅速反应，该火山在沉寂 36 年之后于 2012 年 11 月 27 日毫无征兆地开始喷发。火山爆发两天内，熔岩流已移动近 10 公里，覆盖面积约 14 平方公里。这次喷发形成了一系列火山灰锥，为熔岩流提供水源，在撰写本文时，熔岩流在火山的贫瘠山坡上延伸近 20 公里，一直延伸到白雪覆盖的森林。调查人员将加入一个由火山学家组成的国际团队，该团队正在监测正在进行的活动，并将重点关注火山喷发的两个重要方面：（1）熔岩与雪和冰的相互作用，以及（2）喷发熔岩成分的时间变化和他们的水晶货物。这两个主题对于增进我们对火山喷发的了解都是及时的。更定量地了解熔岩流如何与冰雪相互作用对于评估冰雪覆盖的火山的危害以及提高我们识别熔岩-雪相互作用形成的古代沉积物的能力至关重要。在该领域，很少有人尝试量化从熔岩到雪或冰的传热；这需要在以雪/冰为主的环境中传播的活跃熔岩流的前端进行直接现场测量。虽然这些条件非常短暂，但它们现在出现在托尔巴奇克，因为周围大部分景观被季节性降雪覆盖后开始喷发，这为测量熔岩和雪/冰之间的热传递并提供更准确的数据创造了独特的机会。它们相互作用的实验和理论建模的约束。更好地了解熔岩流如何快速融化冰雪对于识别冰雪覆盖的火山（例如喀斯喀特山脉的雷尼尔山）周围的危险区域非常重要。同样，在喷发期间和喷发后立即收集熔岩和火山灰样本也很重要，因为：(i) 可以明确确定它们的幼年起源，并且 (ii) 可以准确地知道它们的喷发时间。这些特征对于使用一系列喷发产物来观察喷发序列的成分趋势并识别触发和当前驱动托尔巴奇克喷发的岩浆过程至关重要。该 RAPID 奖项将允许在喷发产物被火山灰或后来的熔岩流掩埋之前对其进行取样。