Doctoral Dissertation Improvement Grant: The Initiation and Maintenance of the Early Woodland Interaction Sphere: A Multiscalar Analysis of Northeastern Mortuary Sites

博士论文改进补助金：早期林地相互作用领域的启动和维护：东北太平间遗址的多标量分析

• 批准号: 1215730
• 负责人: Hetty Jo Brumbach
• 金额: $ 0.73万
• 依托单位: SUNY at Albany
• 依托单位国家: 美国
• 项目类别: Standard Grant
• 财政年份: 2012
• 资助国家: 美国
• 起止时间: 2012-04-15 至 2015-03-31
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/showAward?AWD_ID=1215730&HistoricalAwards=false
• 关键词: Doctoral; Dissertation; Improvement; Grant; Initiation

The emergence of social and political complexity in human societies is currently a central area of research in archaeology, partly because an understanding of these processes has implications beyond the realms of anthropology and the other social sciences. The adoption of agriculture by social groups and an increase in population densities have long and often been cited as central factors in the initiation of complexity. Yet, others have suggested that the sustained, long-distance exchange of goods and materials between participating groups may in some cases represent an even more formative catalyst for social and political change. Often, however, these processes of transformation are examined working back through time and using 'complex' societies as a starting point. Under the guidance of Dr. Hetty Jo Brumbach, Francis Robinson of the University at Albany- SUNY will explore the conditions and mechanisms that fostered the emergence of an interregional sphere of interaction among Native groups that are considered by most to have been hunter-gatherer-fishers or perhaps limited horticulturalists. Specifically, he will focus on one node of the Early Woodland Interaction Sphere, ca. 3,000-2,000 cal yr BP, in Northeastern North America. To do this, he will examine the structure and content of eight previously excavated Early Woodland cemeteries located between the Hudson River on the west and the Connecticut River on the east. By analyzing and comparing the structure of burials and cemeteries and the origin and form of the artifacts interred within them at multiple scales he will test a series of hypotheses about the reasons for these groups' participation in the interaction sphere, and the social and political implications of these groups' participation. This research represents an important case study in the processes that initiate the first steps toward social complexity, and the tenuous nature of these initial steps. Indeed, among the participating groups in the Early Woodland Interaction Sphere, only a few ultimately ended up forming enduring complex social and political structures, at least until the emergence of large-scale agriculture over a millennium later. A more fundamental but nonetheless important aspect of the proposed research is a thorough accounting and analysis of the sites outlined above. They are arguably some of the most important, but heretofore poorly documented Native American mortuary sites in Northeastern North America. Properly documenting them will allow the Northeastern region to be seen as an active participant in the broader Early Woodland Interaction Sphere, and the raw data from these analyses will be available for researchers in the future. The results of this project will be disseminated in peer-reviewed publications and both scholarly and general public lectures in the areas where these sites are located, including upstate New York, Connecticut, and Vermont. Moreover, discussions with April St. Francis of the St. Francis/Sokoki band of the Western Abenaki and Sherry White, Tribal Historic Preservation Officer (THPO) of Stockbridge/Munsee band of the Mohican, have taken place related to this research, which may result in collaborative lectures, discussions, and perhaps publications for their respective communities.

人类社会中社会和政治复杂性的出现目前是考古研究的中心领域，部分原因是对这些过程的理解具有超出人类学和其他社会科学领域的影响。社会群体采用农业和人口密度的增加已经很长一段时间，并且经常被认为是复杂性启动的核心因素。然而，其他人建议，参与群体之间持续的长途商品和材料的持续，长途交流可能代表了社会和政治变革的更加形成性的催化剂。但是，通常会检查这些转型过程，并以“复杂”社会为起点。在赫蒂·乔·布鲁姆巴赫（Hetty Jo Brumbach）博士的指导下，奥尔巴尼 - 苏尼大学的弗朗西斯·罗宾逊（Francis Robinson）将探索促进了大多数人认为是猎人 - 加尔特·菲什（Hunter-Gather-Gather-Fishers）的本地群体中区域相互作用领域出现的条件和机制，或者可能是猎人 - 加特尔·菲什（Hunter-Gather-Gather-Fisher）或可能有限的霍尔蒂文化主义者。 具体来说，他将专注于加利福尼亚州早期林地互动领域的一个节点。北美东北部的3,000-2,000 cal yr bp。为此，他将研究位于西部哈德逊河和东部康涅狄格河之间的八个先前发掘的早期林地公墓的结构和内容。通过分析和比较埋葬和墓地的结构以及在多个尺度内被埋葬的伪影的起源和形式，他将对这些群体参与互动领域的原因以及这些群体参与的社会和政治意义的一系列假设进行测试。这项研究代表了启动社会复杂性的第一步以及这些初始步骤的脆弱性质的过程中的一项重要案例研究。的确，在早期林地互动领域的参与群体中，只有少数最终形成了持久的复杂社会和政治结构，至少在千年之后大型农业的出现之前。拟议研究的一个更基本但至关重要的方面是对上述概述的站点进行彻底的会计和分析。可以说，它们是最重要的，但迄今为止在北美东北部的美国原住民太平间遗址较差。正确记录它们将使东北地区被视为更广泛的早期林地相互作用领域的积极参与者，并且将来将为研究人员提供这些分析的原始数据。该项目的结果将在经过同行评审的出版物以及这些地点所在地区的学术和公共演讲中传播，包括纽约北部，康涅狄格州和佛蒙特州。此外，与西部阿宾尼基（Abenaki）圣弗朗西斯/索科基乐队的四月圣弗朗西斯（St. Francis）和莫希康（Stockbridge）的部落历史保护官员（THPO）的雪利酒·怀特（Sherry White）的讨论与这项研究有关，这可能会导致这项研究，这可能会导致其协作，讨论，可能会为其各自的社区出版。