Collaborative Research: The M8.0 Pisco Peru Earthquake - A Benchmark Ground Failure Event for Remote Sensing and Data Archiving

合作研究：秘鲁皮斯科 M8.0 地震 - 遥感和数据存档的基准地面故障事件

• 批准号: 0928526
• 负责人: Brady Cox
• 金额: $ 17.71万
• 依托单位: University of Arkansas
• 依托单位国家: 美国
• 项目类别: Standard Grant
• 财政年份: 2009
• 资助国家: 美国
• 起止时间: 2009-08-01 至 2012-01-31
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/showAward?AWD_ID=0928526&HistoricalAwards=false
• 关键词: Collaborative; Research; M8.0; Pisco; Peru

This award is funded under the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009(Public Law 111-5)Large earthquakes that strike populated regions present invaluable opportunities to improve our understanding of seismic hazards, and advance the state-of-practice in engineering and science through investigation and analysis of case histories. Traditionally, earthquake case studies in geotechnical engineering have been undertaken at the site-specific scale, leading to many key advancements in the field. Increasingly, however, it is recognized that earthquake impacts extend over vast areas and have unique spatial signatures that are a function of regional-scale factors such as geologic setting, ground motion intensity, and land use patterns. Moreover, the highly networked nature of modern infrastructure systems with their internal feedback loops, potential for cascading failures, and sensitivity to extreme events, suggest that that the consequences of earthquakes be considered within a larger spatial framework. Advancements in the field of remote sensing, combined with new opportunities in information management and spatial analysis, provide a promising new direction for earthquake studies that needs to be taken advantage of.This research will use remote sensing, geotechnical investigations, and traditional "boots-on-the-ground" reconnaissance information to collect, process, interpret, and digitally archive ground failure events (landslides and a massive, several km2 lateral spread) from a large portion of the mesoseismal region of the 2007 Mw8.0 Pisco, Peru Earthquake. The research plan is guided by the vision of using state-of-the-art remote sensing and data management tools to establish the Pisco Earthquake as a fully documented "benchmark" ground failure event that will be permanently archived in a searchable, professionally curated NEEScentral data repository. Several factors make the Pisco Earthquake well suited for use as a benchmark ground failure event: (i) its effects were documented by a ground-based Geo-engineering Extreme Events Reconnaissance (GEER) team immediately after the earthquake, (ii) the mesoseismal region spans a variety of land uses and geomorphic settings ranging from coastal plains to steep mountainous terrain more than 4,500-m in elevation, and (iii) a rich and varied "living laboratory" of earthquake effects ranging from severe soil liquefaction to massive rock avalanches occurred.The work draws on the expertise of a multidisciplinary, multiple-institution team with collective expertise in geotechnical earthquake engineering, remote sensing, and field data collection. It will focus on two main types of ground failures caused by earthquakes: landslides and lateral spreads. Remote sensing of these failures will generally be accomplished through high resolution, pre- and post-earthquake stereo satellite imagery analysis. However, terrestrial LiDAR measurements will also be used at select sites to enhance the stereo derived surface models, and potentially allow for ultra high resolution (sub-pixel) satellite image displacement analyses. Products of this work will include: (i) a comprehensive, open-source, geospatial database containing an inventory of ground failures over an approximately 1,000 km2 region (including geo-referenced archives of photographs, geological, geotechnical, and damage/impact information), (ii) advancements in remote sensing applied to earthquake ground failures (e.g. refined change detection algorithms for automated landslide identification, and sub-meter lateral displacement analysis on a massive lateral spread), (iii) a series of empirical relationships quantifying the link between geophysical factors (topography, geology, and shaking intensity) and ground failure characteristics, (iv) a geospatial database template for ground failures that will serve as a model for future earthquake geo-archiving efforts, and (v) openly disseminated non-technical educational modules to promote a better understanding of earthquake consequences among the general public and policy-makers. Broader impacts affecting those in the U.S. and abroad include: rich foreign research experiences for students on the team, fostering graduate education for Hispanic students, further strengthening of ties between U.S. and Latin American research communities, and much-needed information to assist local officials with earthquake hazard planning and mitigation in the developing nation of Peru.

该奖项根据 2009 年《美国复苏和再投资法案》（公法 111-5）提供资金。袭击人口稠密地区的大地震为我们提高对地震危害的认识提供了宝贵的机会，并通过以下方式推进工程和科学的实践状态：案例历史的调查和分析。 传统上，岩土工程中的地震案例研究都是在特定地点的规模上进行的，导致该领域取得了许多关键进展。 然而，人们越来越认识到，地震影响范围广泛，并具有独特的空间特征，这些特征是地质环境、地面运动强度和土地利用模式等区域尺度因素的函数。 此外，现代基础设施系统的高度网络化性质及其内部反馈循环、级联故障的可能性以及对极端事件的敏感性表明，应在更大的空间框架内考虑地震的后果。 遥感领域的进步，加上信息管理和空间分析的新机遇，为地震研究提供了一个需要利用的有前景的新方向。这项研究将利用遥感、岩土工程调查和传统的“靴子-地面”勘察信息，用于收集、处理、解释和数字化存档 2007 年中震区大部分地区的地面故障事件（山体滑坡和数平方公里的大规模横向扩散）秘鲁皮斯科 Mw8.0 地震。 该研究计划的愿景是使用最先进的遥感和数据管理工具将皮斯科地震建立为一个完整记录的“基准”地面故障事件，该事件将永久存档在可搜索、专业管理的 NEEScentral 中数据存储库。 有几个因素使皮斯科地震非常适合用作基准地面故障事件：(i) 地面地球工程极端事件侦察 (GEER) 团队在地震发生后立即记录了其影响，(ii) 中震区域跨越各种土地利用和地貌环境，从沿海平原到海拔超过 4,500 米的陡峭山地，以及 (iii) 丰富多样的地震影响“活实验室”从严重的土壤液化到大规模的岩石崩塌，该工作利用了多学科、多机构团队的专业知识，他们在岩土地震工程、遥感和现场数据收集方面拥有集体专业知识。 它将重点关注地震引起的两种主要地面破坏类型：山体滑坡和横向蔓延。 这些故障的遥感通常通过高分辨率的地震前和地震后立体卫星图像分析来完成。 然而，地面激光雷达测量也将在选定的地点使用，以增强立体导出的表面模型，并可能允许超高分辨率（亚像素）卫星图像位移分析。 这项工作的产品将包括：(i) 一个全面的开源地理空间数据库，其中包含约 1,000 平方公里区域的地面故障清单（包括照片、地质、岩土工程和损坏/影响信息的地理参考档案） ，（ii）应用于地震地面破坏的遥感技术的进步（例如用于自动滑坡识别的精细变化检测算法，以及对大规模横向扩展的亚米级横向位移分析），（iii）一系列经验量化地球物理因素（地形、地质和震动强度）与地面破坏特征之间联系的关系，(iv) 地面破坏的地理空间数据库模板，该模板将作为未来地震地理归档工作的模型，以及 (v) 公开传播非技术教育模块，以促进公众和决策者更好地了解地震后果。对美国和国外的影响更广泛，包括：为团队中的学生提供丰富的国外研究经验，促进西班牙裔学生的研究生教育，进一步加强美国和拉丁美洲研究界之间的联系，以及帮助当地官员提供急需的信息秘鲁发展中国家的地震灾害规划和缓解。