Doctoral Dissertation Improvement Grant: The Upper San Pedro Revisited: Early Paleoindian Subsistence and Geochronology in Southeastern Arizona

博士论文改进补助金：重访上圣佩德罗：亚利桑那州东南部的早期古印第安人生存和地质年代学

• 批准号: 0532685
• 负责人: Steven Kuhn
• 金额: $ 1.2万
• 依托单位: University of Arizona
• 依托单位国家: 美国
• 项目类别: Standard Grant
• 财政年份: 2007
• 资助国家: 美国
• 起止时间: 2007-06-01 至 2008-05-31
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/showAward?AWD_ID=0532685&HistoricalAwards=false
• 关键词: Doctoral; Dissertation; Improvement; Grant; Upper

The earliest uncontested human population to enter North America is recognized by archaeologists as the Clovis complex. When found in archaeological sites, their tools are often associated with extinct large mammals such as mammoth. Human predation on big-game prey such as mammoth is one of the most debated and significant research topics in American archaeology. The most robust record of human-mammoth interaction occurs in the San Pedro River valley of Southeastern Arizona, where radiocarbon dates indicate that Ice Age hunters killed and butchered mammoth and an extinct form of bison approximately 13,000 years ago. A total of six sites occur within a 15 km radius, and this concentration of sites is used to demonstrate not only a hunting economy focused on big game, but also its impact on megafauna ecology and extinction.The search for additional Clovis complex sites and mammoth sites in the San Pedro River valley is important for 3 reasons. First, nearly all of the previous mammoth sites were discovered by ranchers who noticed large bones eroding from their property. This circumstance creates a discovery bias for large mammals and perhaps misrepresents the everyday diet of Clovis people. A systematic survey along the San Pedro River for all forms of archaeological evidence is needed to test the association of Clovis tools with large game. Second, the role of human "overkill" in Pleistocene extinction suffers from an incomplete sample of sites. The dense cluster of mammoth kill sites in the study area must be considered in relation to a sample of mammoth natural death sites to determine what impact, if any, human hunting could have had on mammoth populations. And third, the timing of human colonization sets important conditions necessary to accommodate the role of big-game hunting on Pleistocene "overkill". Additional radiocarbon dates are required to better assess the arrival and duration of Clovis groups in the study area.To address these questions a one-year study of the upper San Pedro will be conducted. Site location, subsistence and geochronological information will be recorded. Data will be collected using pedestrian surveys and limited archaeological excavations at a small number of sites. Significant geological and archaeological talent and resources are available at the University of Arizona to assist in the fulfillment of these goals.The Pleistocene record of the San Pedro River is popular in the history of American archaeology, paleontology, geoarchaeology, and paleoecology. As part of the San Pedro River National Conservation Area, the project is still more widely relevant to the Bureau of Land Management (BLM) and their mission to foster understanding of past and present cultures, improve social studies and science education, and enhance citizenship education to help preserve archaeological legacy. At the project level, this outreach includes K-12 school visits, public lectures, local media opportunities, website development, and archaeological training for several undergraduate and graduate students from the University of Arizona.

进入北美最早的无争议的人口被考古学家认可为克洛维斯综合体。 当在考古遗址发现时，它们的工具通常与灭绝的大型哺乳动物（例如猛mm）有关。 人类对大型游戏猎物（例如猛mm象）的捕食是美国考古学中争论和最重要的研究主题之一。 人膜​​相互作用的最强大记录发生在亚利桑那州东南部的圣佩德罗河谷，放射性碳的日期表明，冰河时代的猎人大约在13，000年前杀死了炸弹和屠宰的猛mm象和一种灭绝的野牛。 总共六个站点发生在15公里之内，这种浓度的地点不仅展示了集中在大型游戏上的狩猎经济体，而且还展示了对Megafauna生态学和灭绝的影响。寻找其他Clovis Complex站点和San Pedro River Valley中的猛mm象地点，这对于3个原因很重要。 首先，牧场主发现了几乎所有以前的猛mm象地点，他们注意到大骨头从其财产中侵蚀。 这种情况会给大型哺乳动物带来发现偏见，也许歪曲了克洛维斯人的日常饮食。 需要对圣佩德罗河进行系统的调查，以测试克洛维斯工具与大型游戏的关联。 其次，人类“过度杀伤”在更新世灭绝中的作用受到了不完整的地点样本。 必须考虑与猛mm象自然死亡部位样本相关的研究区域中密集的猛mm杀地点，以确定人类狩猎可能对猛mm象种群产生什么影响。 第三，人类殖民化的时机设定了适应大型狩猎在更新世“过度杀伤”中的作用所必需的重要条件。 需要其他放射性日期来更好地评估Clovis组在研究区域的到来和持续时间。要解决这些问题为期一年的San Pedro研究。将记录场地位置，生存和地质学信息。数据将使用行人调查和有限的考古发掘收集数据。亚利桑那大学提供了重要的地质和考古才能和资源，以帮助实现这些目标。圣佩德罗河的更新世记录在美国考古学，古生物学，地理学，古学和古生态学史上很受欢迎。 作为圣佩德罗河国家保护区的一部分，该项目仍然与土地管理局（BLM）及其使命及其使命，以促进对过去和现在文化的理解，改善社会研究和科学教育，并增强公民教育，以帮助维护考古遗产。 在项目一级，该外展活动包括K-12的学校访问，公开讲座，当地媒体机会，网站开发以及亚利桑那大学的几位本科生和研究生的考古培训。