EITM: Collaborative Research on Legislative Party Switching: Integrating Formal and Comparative Empirical Analyses

EITM：立法政党转换的合作研究：整合形式分析和比较实证分析

• 批准号: 0339920
• 负责人: William Heller
• 金额: $ 10万
• 依托单位: SUNY at Binghamton
• 依托单位国家: 美国
• 项目类别: Standard Grant
• 财政年份: 2004
• 资助国家: 美国
• 起止时间: 2004-05-01 至 2006-05-31
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/showAward?AWD_ID=0339920&HistoricalAwards=false
• 关键词: EITM; Collaborative; Research; Legislative; Party

Party switching in legislatures is important. Recent US history drives home the point. WhenSenator Jeffords left the Republican Party in 2002 to serve in the Senate as an independent, hefundamentally altered the policy-making landscape. In leaving the Republican Party and handingcontrol of the Senate to the Democrats, Jeffords transformed a unified government into a dividedgovernment. The change in partisan control of the Senate changed policy making and outcomes. His action thus demonstrated the importance of political parties, even in the United States where the two major parties often are seen as weak and essentially indistinguishable from one another.Intellectual merit. Political scientists of all stripes agree that parties are essential to representative democracy. Parties organize legislatures, articulate choices, aggregate preferences, and, above all, provide labels under which candidates vie for public office. Scholars commonly examine such issues as the value of party labels or party discipline for voters' decision making, but rarely ask how these affect legislators' choices. Students of US politics debate the degree to which parties condition legislators' voting, for example, but few have trained either empirical or theoretical attention on such other aspects of legislative behavior as the choice of party affiliation. Only a few formal models focus on politicians' party switching. A more extensive but still limited empirical literature, most of it divorced from formal research, examines legislators' moves among parties. This project investigates the causes and consequences of party switching. It seeks to answer suchquestions as Why would a legislator decide to change party affiliation? Under what conditions would a party choose to accept a defector from another party? Most broadly, what are the effects of party switching? Answers to these questions will both illuminate party switching and advance our understanding of parties, party discipline, and party systems. They also will advance understanding of how interdependent, individual decisions interact to create a social dynamic. To pursue this agenda, the project integrates formal and empirical approaches to the study of politicians' choices of, and changes in, party affiliation. The co-Principal Investigators will build a formal model of party switching, specify the model's testable hypotheses, develop a research design for empirical evaluation of those hypotheses, and conduct empirical tests of the model in selected national settings. Their plans are animated by the conviction that the key to fostering scientific progress in this area (and others) is to bridge the chasm between formal and empirical analyses. Plan of the work. The co-PIs have successfully recruited ten prominent political scientists inorder to establish a Research Work Group on Party Switching. Group members will propose anddiscuss refinements or alternatives to the co-PIs' model, hypotheses, and research design. They also will assess the empirical plausibility of the model, examining evidence from a wide range of settings, including Brazil, Eastern Europe, Russia, Italy, Spain, the European Parliament, the United States, and Japan. The Work Group will meet twice, in summer 2004 and summer 2005. The co-PIs will make publicly available the Group's datasets on the party affiliations of legislators and candidates as well as seek to arrange publication of the Group's papers in a special issue of a refereed journal. Broader impacts. The co-PIs and the Group will contribute to: (1) the dissemination of scholarlyresults (via publication of journal articles and sharing of databases); (2) the enhancement of research infrastructure (via scholarly collaboration across national boundaries); (3) the teaching and training of graduate students (discussion with graduate students will be an integral part of the Group's meetings); and (4) the broadening of participation of underrepresented groups (women constitute one-third of the Research Work Group). We have no plans directly to undertake undergraduate curriculum development as part of this project, but we believe it can and should have (5) substantial indirect impact on undergraduate education. For example, the flurry of media attention to the causes and consequences of Jeffords's move made it clear that party switching is a puzzle. This project should help scholars better understand party switching as a general phenomenon. They then can better teach their students why, when, and how choices of party affiliation and, by implication, parties matter.

立法机关的政党更换很重要。美国最近的历史充分说明了这一点。当杰福兹参议员于 2002 年离开共和党并以独立人士身份在参议院任职时，他从根本上改变了政策制定格局。通过离开共和党并将参议院的控制权交给民主党，杰福兹将一个统一的政府转变为一个分裂的政府。参议院党派控制的变化改变了政策制定和结果。因此，他的行动证明了政党的重要性，即使在美国，两个主要政党常常被视为软弱且彼此本质上没有区别。智力上的优点。各派政治学家都认为政党对于代议制民主至关重要。政党组织立法机构，阐明选择，汇总偏好，最重要的是，为候选人竞争公职提供标签。学者们通常会研究诸如政党标签或政党纪律对选民决策的价值等问题，但很少询问这些问题如何影响立法者的选择。例如，研究美国政治的学生争论政党在多大程度上限制立法者的投票，但很少有人对立法行为的其他方面（例如政党归属的选择）进行实证或理论关注。只有少数正式模型关注政客的政党转变。更广泛但仍然有限的实证文献（其中大部分脱离了正式研究）审视了立法者在政党之间的行动。 该项目调查政党转换的原因和后果。它试图回答诸如“为什么立法者会决定改变党派关系？”等问题。在什么条件下，一方会选择接受另一方的叛逃者？最广泛地说，政党转换会产生什么影响？这些问题的答案既有助于阐明政党转换，也有助于加深我们对政党、党纪、政党制度的理解。他们还将加深对相互依赖的个人决策如何相互作用以创造社会动力的理解。为了实现这一议程，该项目整合了正式和实证方法来研究政治家的党派选择和变化。联合首席研究员将建立一个正式的政党转换模型，指定该模型的可检验假设，制定对这些假设进行实证评估的研究设计，并在选定的国家环境中对该模型进行实证检验。他们的计划源于这样一种信念：促进这一领域（以及其他领域）科学进步的关键是弥合形式分析和实证分析之间的鸿沟。 工作计划。联合课题组成功招募了十位著名政治学家，成立了政党转换研究工作组。小组成员将提出并讨论联合 PI 模型、假设和研究设计的改进或替代方案。他们还将评估该模型的实证合理性，审查来自巴西、东欧、俄罗斯、意大利、西班牙、欧洲议会、美国和日本等广泛环境的证据。该工作组将在 2004 年夏季和 2005 年夏季举行两次会议。共同负责人将公开该工作组关于立法者和候选人党派关系的数据集，并寻求安排在一份特刊上发表该工作组的论文。审稿期刊。 更广泛的影响。共同首席研究员和小组将致力于：(1) 传播学术成果（通过发表期刊文章和共享数据库）； (2) 加强研究基础设施（通过跨国界的学术合作）； （3）研究生的教学和培训（与研究生的讨论将成为小组会议的组成部分）； (4) 扩大代表性不足群体的参与（研究工作组中女性占三分之一）。我们没有计划直接进行本科课程开发作为该项目的一部分，但我们相信它可以而且应该对本科教育产生（5）实质性的间接影响。例如，媒体对杰福兹此举的原因和后果的大量关注表明，政党转换是一个难题。这个项目应该有助于学者们更好地理解政党更迭作为一种普遍现象。然后，他们可以更好地教导学生为什么、何时以及如何选择党派关系，以及隐含的政党关系。