Sourcing Turquoise Using O and H Isotopes

使用 O 和 H 同位素采购绿松石

• 批准号: 0312088
• 负责人: Mostafa Fayek
• 金额: $ 8.84万
• 依托单位: University of Tennessee Knoxville
• 依托单位国家: 美国
• 项目类别: Standard Grant
• 财政年份: 2003
• 资助国家: 美国
• 起止时间: 2003-08-01 至 2006-07-31
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/showAward?AWD_ID=0312088&HistoricalAwards=false
• 关键词: Sourcing; Turquoise; Using; Isotopes

With National Science Foundation support Dr. Mostafa Fayek and his colleagues will begin a 2-year research project to conduct a turquoise sourcing study along the northern frontier of Mesoamerica, which constitutes the border between Mexico and the United States including southwestern portions of the United States. The team brings together both geologists and archaeologists to conduct a coordinated investigation, which will reconstruct prehistoric southwestern turquoise trade networks and strengthen the theory, that Chacoan or other Anasazi cultures from central and southern Mexico were economically and culturally linked to Mesoamerica. The team has a suite of turquoise samples, which they have obtained from seven modern and archaeological mining areas throughout the southwestern United States and Mexico. They will apply a novel isotopic technique that will allow them to unambiguously distinguish between turquoises from each mining area. Although, previous trace element and isotopic studies have unsatisfactorily differentiated between the turquoise source areas in southwestern United States, a preliminary study by Dr. Fayek and his colleagues has shown that turquoise from each mining district has a unique O and H isotopic signature. Thus, the O and H isotopic composition of turquoise is potentially a powerful tool for characterizing and distinguishing between source regions. The team will analyze additional turquoise samples from a wide range of sources to further substantiate this method. This method will then be applied to archaeological artifacts, which will allow the turquoise in the artifacts to be traced to specific mining region. Dr. Fayek and his colleagues will use an instrument called the ion microprobe, which allows O and H isotopic analysis of small (200 mm) solid samples, thus only the smallest pieces of archaeological artifacts are required. Their research will focus on three questions: 1) is the H and O isotopic composition of turquoise within a sample or single mine sufficiently homogenous such that we can distinguish between turquoise deposits within a single source region? (2) Can we use the O and H isotopic composition of turquoise to distinguish between regional source areas? (3) Can we use the O and H isotopic composition of turquoise artifacts to link them to a particular mining region and hence reconstruct the prehistoric turquoise trade network? This research is important for several reasons. If preliminary results are confirmed, a 'source fingerprint' could be available in a few years for turquoise, permitting archaeologists to identify the sources of turquoise found at sites across the continent and providing new insight into pre-contact trade patterns in North America. The research will enhance the infrastructure for research and education at the university level through partnership with Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL). Students and faculty from both the departments of Geology and Anthropology at the University of Tennessee will be introduced to the world-class facilities and expertise at ORNL, which otherwise would be inaccessible.

在国家科学基金会的支持下，Mostafa Fayek 博士和他的同事将开始一项为期 2 年的研究项目，沿着中美洲北部边境进行绿松石采购研究，该边境构成墨西哥和美国之间的边界，包括美国西南部地区。 该团队汇集了地质学家和考古学家进行协​​调调查，这将重建史前西南绿松石贸易网络，并强化来自墨西哥中部和南部的查科安或其他阿纳萨齐文化与中美洲在经济和文化上存在联系的理论。 该团队拥有一套绿松石样品，这些样品是从美国西南部和墨西哥的七个现代和考古矿区获得的。 他们将应用一种新颖的同位素技术，使他们能够明确地区分来自每个矿区的绿松石。 尽管之前的微量元素和同位素研究未能令人满意地区分美国西南部的绿松石产地，但 Fayek 博士及其同事的初步研究表明，每个矿区的绿松石都具有独特的 O 和 H 同位素特征。 因此，绿松石的 O 和 H 同位素组成可能是表征和区分来源区域的有力工具。 该团队将分析来自各种来源的额外绿松石样本，以进一步证实该方法。 该方法随后将应用于考古文物，从而可以追踪文物中的绿松石到特定的采矿区域。 Fayek 博士和他的同事将使用一种称为离子微探针的仪器，该仪器可以对小型（200 毫米）固体样品进行 O 和 H 同位素分析，因此只需要最小的考古文物碎片。 他们的研究将集中在三个问题上：1）样本或单个矿山中绿松石的 H 和 O 同位素组成是否足够均匀，以便我们能够区分单个来源区域内的绿松石矿床？ （2）能否利用绿松石的O、H同位素组成来区分区域产地？ （3）我们能否利用绿松石文物的O和H同位素组成将它们与特定的矿区联系起来，从而重建史前绿松石贸易网络？ 这项研究很重要，原因有几个。 如果初步结果得到证实，绿松石的“来源指纹”可能会在几年内获得，从而使考古学家能够识别在整个大陆各地发现的绿松石来源，并为北美接触前的贸易模式提供新的见解。 该研究将通过与橡树岭国家实验室（ORNL）的合作，加强大学层面的研究和教育基础设施。 田纳西大学地质学系和人类学系的学生和教师将了解到橡树岭国家实验室的世界一流设施和专业知识，否则这些设施和专业知识是无法获得的。