Farming systems and land use from Neolithic to 1800 AD in their mutual interactions with population size

从新石器时代到公元 1800 年的农业系统和土地利用与人口规模的相互作用

• 批准号: 120626474
• 负责人: Professor Dr. Andreas Zimmermann
• 金额: --
• 依托单位: Institut für Ur- und Frühgeschichte
• 依托单位国家: 德国
• 项目类别: Research Grants
• 财政年份: 2009
• 资助国家: 德国
• 起止时间: 2008-12-31 至 2017-12-31
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://gepris.dfg.de/gepris/projekt/120626474?language=en
• 关键词: Farming; systems; land; use; Neolithic

This project aims at modelling farming systems from selected periods with well-known population densities between the Neolithic and the transition to the Industrial Revolution. The scenarios are based on archaeological as well as historical observations and on archaeobotanical as well as archaeozoological data. The models for early Neolithic in Central Europe and the time of 1800 AD are completed now with a text ready for publication. Compared with the last report the modules -energy demand-, -collected plants-, and -location of bandkeramic fields- were added and the database concerning animal husbandry could be enhanced. In addition, data for the next two target time slices had to be recorded, for the Iron Age as well as the Roman Empire. Average energy demand (kcal / person / day) was derived by evaluation of life tables considering age and sex within populations from all periods considered by the project (application Abb. 1). Within the module -collected plants-, first a balance sheet of nutrients, vitamins and minerals included in the foodstuffs of early Neolithic covering the energy demand from plants and animals was calculated. It is possible to cover the remaining deficits by berries and hazel nuts quite accurately for the population density of this time according to yields for these plants compiled by A. S. Keene 1981 for the North American woodland. Only a small shortage of salt remains (0,5g/P/day). The module -location of bandkeramic fields- is based on calculations of space needed to produce the necessary foodstuffs, differentiated concerning different densities within the Bandkeramik. An earlier published version aiming at minimal space is compared with a new scenario of maximal field size with fallows. The essential differences are compiled in Tab. 1 and visualized in Abb. 4 and 5. Even if 20% of energy demand are delivered by animal products only less than 70% of the space available is used. Assuming that fallows were attractive for animals and their dung fertilises the soil, the amount of nitrogen reaches only a magnitude of 5% of the allowance for organic farming today. In the early Neolithic only 0,2% of the space were used for fields, whereas at 1800 AD more the 40% of the space in the Rhineland is fields (report chapter 4.3, Abb. 54).

该项目旨在对新石器时代和工业革命过渡时期人口密度已知的选定时期的农业系统进行建模。这些情景基于考古和历史观察以及考古植物学和考古动物学数据。中欧新石器时代早期和公元 1800 年的模型现已完成，文本可供出版。与上一份报告相比，增加了“能源需求”、“采集的植物”和“带陶瓷田的位置”模块，并增强了有关畜牧业的数据库。此外，还必须记录铁器时代和罗马帝国接下来两个目标时间片的数据。平均能量需求（千卡/人/天）是通过考虑项目考虑的所有时期人口中的年龄和性别的生命表评估得出的（应用Abb.1）。在“收集植物”模块中，首先计算了新石器时代早期食品中所含营养素、维生素和矿物质的平衡表，涵盖了植物和动物的能量需求。根据 A. S. Keene 1981 年为北美林地编制的这些植物的产量，浆果和榛子可以非常准确地弥补当时人口密度的剩余不足。仅存在少量盐短缺（0.5g/P/天）。 Bandkeramic 场的位置模块基于生产必要食品所需的空间计算，并根据 Bandkeramik 内的不同密度进行区分。将早期发布的旨在最小空间的版本与最大休耕田地大小的新场景进行了比较。本质区别见表 1。 1 并在 Abb 中可视化。 4 和 5。即使 20% 的能源需求由动物产品满足，也只有不到 70% 的可用空间得到利用。假设休耕对动物有吸引力，并且它们的粪便使土壤肥沃，那么氮含量仅达到当今有机农业允许量的 5%。在新石器时代早期，只有 0.2% 的空间被用作田地，而到了公元 1800 年，莱茵兰地区 40% 的空间被用作田地（报告第 4.3 章，Abb. 54）。