Farming systems and land use from Neolithic to 1800 AD in their mutual interactions with population size

从新石器时代到公元 1800 年的农业系统和土地利用与人口规模的相互作用

• 批准号: 120626474
• 负责人: Professor Dr. Andreas Zimmermann
• 金额: --
• 依托单位: Institut für Ur- und Frühgeschichte
• 依托单位国家: 德国
• 项目类别: Research Grants
• 财政年份: 2009
• 资助国家: 德国
• 起止时间: 2008-12-31 至 2017-12-31
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://gepris.dfg.de/gepris/projekt/120626474?language=en
• 关键词: Farming; systems; land; use; Neolithic

This project aims at modelling farming systems from selected periods with well-known population densities between the Neolithic and the transition to the Industrial Revolution. The scenarios are based on archaeological as well as historical observations and on archaeobotanical as well as archaeozoological data. The models for early Neolithic in Central Europe and the time of 1800 AD are completed now with a text ready for publication. Compared with the last report the modules -energy demand-, -collected plants-, and -location of bandkeramic fields- were added and the database concerning animal husbandry could be enhanced. In addition, data for the next two target time slices had to be recorded, for the Iron Age as well as the Roman Empire. Average energy demand (kcal / person / day) was derived by evaluation of life tables considering age and sex within populations from all periods considered by the project (application Abb. 1). Within the module -collected plants-, first a balance sheet of nutrients, vitamins and minerals included in the foodstuffs of early Neolithic covering the energy demand from plants and animals was calculated. It is possible to cover the remaining deficits by berries and hazel nuts quite accurately for the population density of this time according to yields for these plants compiled by A. S. Keene 1981 for the North American woodland. Only a small shortage of salt remains (0,5g/P/day). The module -location of bandkeramic fields- is based on calculations of space needed to produce the necessary foodstuffs, differentiated concerning different densities within the Bandkeramik. An earlier published version aiming at minimal space is compared with a new scenario of maximal field size with fallows. The essential differences are compiled in Tab. 1 and visualized in Abb. 4 and 5. Even if 20% of energy demand are delivered by animal products only less than 70% of the space available is used. Assuming that fallows were attractive for animals and their dung fertilises the soil, the amount of nitrogen reaches only a magnitude of 5% of the allowance for organic farming today. In the early Neolithic only 0,2% of the space were used for fields, whereas at 1800 AD more the 40% of the space in the Rhineland is fields (report chapter 4.3, Abb. 54).

该项目旨在对新石器时代与工业革命过渡之间的人口密度的选定时期进行建模。这些方案基于考古学，历史观察以及考古学以及考古学数据。中欧早期新石器时代的模型和公元1800年的时代现已完成，并准备出版。与最后一份报告相比，添加了模块 - 能量需求 - 收集的植物和频道场 - 固定，并可以增强有关动物饲养的数据库。此外，必须记录下两个目标时间切片的数据，即铁器时代以及罗马帝国。平均能源需求（KCAL / Person / Day）是通过评估寿命表的评估来得出的，考虑到该项目所考虑的所有时期内的年龄和性别（应用程序Abb。1）。在模块收集的植物中 - 首先计算出养分，维生素和矿物质的资产负债表，包括早期新石器时代的食物中，涵盖了植物和动物的能量需求。根据A. S. Keene 1981年为北美林地编制的这些植物的产量，可以完全准确地覆盖浆果和榛子的剩余缺陷。只有一小部分盐（0.5g/p/天）。频道场的模块 - 分离基于生产必要食品所需的空间的计算，与Bandkeramik内的不同密度有关。将针对最小空间的较早版本与Fallows的最大田间大小的新场景进行了比较。基本差异在选项卡中编译。 1，在ABB中可视化。 4和5。即使动物产品的能源需求的20％仅少于可用空间的70％。假设下半场对动物具有吸引力，而它们的粪便则使土壤受精，那么氮的量仅达到了当今有机农业津贴的5％。在新石器时代的早期，只有0.2％的空间用于田间，而在公元1800年，莱茵兰的40％的空间是田野（报告第4.3章，阿布，第54章）。