Aerodynamics, Wing Biomechanics, and the Evolutionary Diversification of the Chiroptera

空气动力学、机翼生物力学和翼手目的进化多样化

• 批准号: 9723736
• 负责人: Sharon Swartz
• 金额: $ 7.3万
• 依托单位: Brown University
• 依托单位国家: 美国
• 项目类别: Standard Grant
• 财政年份: 1997
• 资助国家: 美国
• 起止时间: 1997-08-15 至 2000-01-31
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/showAward?AWD_ID=9723736&HistoricalAwards=false
• 关键词: Aerodynamics; Wing; Biomechanics; Evolutionary; Diversification

Swartz 9723736 The origin and elaboration of evolutionary novelty comprise one of the most fundamental areas of evolutionary inquiry. In this light, the structure of vertebrate wings, their derivation, and their function during flight have attracted the attention of biologists and engineers for many years. However, the accurate estimation of the forces developed within the structural components of the wing, and the full understanding of the mechanical, aerodynamic, and energetic significance of the wing form and wing movement patterns have been neglected. As a consequence, knowledge of the evolutionary origins and history of diversification of flight apparatus remains primitive In this study, we will model the flight of a large bat to analyze aerodynamics, mechanics, and energetics. A bat has been selected as our study organism because bats are characterized by an anatomical organization (rigid bony elements interconnected by an elastic wing membrane) that is relatively simple to model in a biologically realistic fashion. The PI will the use our computer simulation to ask: 1) what are the magnitudes of the joint forces and moments in the wing during flight? how large are the skin and bone stresses developed within the wing?; 2) how do small-scale variations in wing morphology and kinematics affect the joint forces and moments and the skin and bone stresses developed within the wing? 3) what features of wing morphology and kinematics affect the maneuverability, structural stability and aerodynamic performance of the wing, and the mechanical power of flight? These questions will be answered by accomplishing a series of interrelated objectives. A mechanically and biologically realistic computer model of a flying bat will be developed, based on Pteropus poliocephalus, the gray-headed flying fox, a species from which a great deal of functional and anatomical information has already been obtained. Inputs into the model will include anatomical information, dat a concerning the mechanical properties of wing tissues, and three-dimensional descriptions of the movement patterns of the wing. A detailed computer model will be constructed, and then used to generate information about the forces developed at the wing joints, the stresses in the wing bones and skin, the mechanical power of flight, the ability of the bones to withstand buckling, and the stability and maneuverability of the wing. Sensitivity analyses will be carried out to determine the relative influence of body size, wing shape, flight speed, and biomechanical properties on the model outputs. The results of this study will be able to serve as the foundation for future studies concerning the origin, diversity, and adaptation of flight among bats.

Swartz 9723736进化新颖性的起源和阐述是进化询问的最基本领域之一。从这个角度来看，脊椎动物的翅膀的结构，它们的推导及其在飞行过程中的功能吸引了生物学家和工程师的注意力多年了。然而，对机翼结构成分中产生的力的准确估计以及对机械，空气动力和能量意义的全面理解被忽略了。因此，在这项研究中，对飞行设备多样化的进化起源和历史的了解仍然是原始的，我们将对大型蝙蝠的飞行进行建模，以分析空气动力学，力学和能量学。蝙蝠被选为我们的研究生物体，因为蝙蝠的特征是解剖组织（由弹性机翼膜相互关联的刚性骨质元件），以生物学上现实的方式进行建模相对简单。 PI会使用我们的计算机模拟问：1）飞行过程中联合力量和矩时的幅度是多少？翅膀在翅膀内形成了多大的皮肤和骨压力？ 2）机翼形态和运动学的小规模变化如何影响翼内发生的关节力和力矩以及皮肤和骨压力？ 3）机翼形态和运动学的哪些特征会影响机翼的可操作性，结构稳定性和空气动力学性能以及飞行的机械力量？ 这些问题将通过实现一系列相互关联的目标来回答。基于灰脑杆菌，灰发狐狸，将开发出机械和生物学上的逼真的计算机模型，该物种已经获得了大量功能和解剖学信息。该模型中的输入将包括解剖信息，有关机翼组织的机械性能的数据以及机翼运动模式的三维描述。将构建一个详细的计算机模型，然后用于生成有关机翼接缝处开发的力的信息，机翼骨头和皮肤的应力，飞行的机械力量，骨骼承受屈曲的能力以及机翼的稳定性和可操作性。将进行灵敏度分析，以确定体大小，机翼形状，飞行速度和生物力学特性对模型输出的相对影响。这项研究的结果将能够成为有关蝙蝠之间起源，多样性和适应性的未来研究的基础。