Optical Studies of the Dynamics and Energetics of the High Latitude Thermosphere and Upper Mesosphere from Sondre Stromfjord and Thule Air Base, Greenland

格陵兰岛桑德雷斯特罗姆峡湾和图勒空军基地高纬度热层和上层中间层动力学和能量的光学研究

• 批准号: 9308157
• 负责人: Timothy Killeen
• 金额: $ 48.97万
• 依托单位: Regents of the University of Michigan - Ann Arbor
• 依托单位国家: 美国
• 项目类别: Continuing Grant
• 财政年份: 1993
• 资助国家: 美国
• 起止时间: 1993-08-01 至 1997-07-31
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/showAward?AWD_ID=9308157&HistoricalAwards=false
• 关键词: Optical; Studies; Dynamics; Energetics; Latitude

9311196 Ryan This project will investigate why animals hatch when they hatch, and how the timing of hatching affects their survival. An amphibian species, Agalychnis callidryas lay its eggs on plants overhanging ponds, and the tadpoles fall into the water when they hatch. Tadpoles are able to hatch as early as 5 days old and will do so to escape from egg-eating snakes, if they are attacked. Undisturbed tadpoles, however, usually delay hatching for several days. They continue growing, inside the egg, and then they hatch they are less vulnerable to aquatic predators than are the smaller, early-hatching tadpoles. The proposed research examines the effect on survival of developmental and behavioral flexibility in hatching, in the context of risks facing embryos and tadpoles. %%% Many animals live in different environments at different stages in their lives, and most animals hatch. The problems facing animals making such changes are general, but in many systems only one of the two stages is accessible to study under natural conditions. This study of the effects of changes in hatching time on both the eggs and larvae of the red-eyed treefrog will add to our understanding of behavior and ecology. It will also provide detailed information on the ecology of this high profile rainforest species, particularly its interactions with its predators at a crucial life stage. *** Small Format Large Format Large Capacity Cassette Env Manual Feed Letter Quality Near Letter Quality Memo Draft 9311196 Ryan This project will investigate why animals hatch when they hatch, and how the timing of hatchi ng affects their s 5 F | | ( Times New Roman Symbol & Arial z z z " h gz Egz E t N Abstracts Tree-frogs Elizabeth M. Behrens Elizabeth M. Behrens

9311196瑞安（Ryan）这个项目将调查动物孵化时孵化的原因，以及孵化的时间如何影响其生存。 一种两栖动物，agalychnis callidryas将其卵产在悬垂池塘的植物上，the嘴孵化时t落入水中。 t可以在5天大的时间内孵化，如果受到攻击，它将避免避免进食的蛇。 但是，不受干扰的t通常会延迟孵化几天。 他们继续在卵内生长，然后孵化，它们不太容易受到水生捕食者的影响，而不是较小的早期th t。 拟议的研究研究了在面临胚胎和t的风险的背景下，孵化中发育和行为灵活性在孵化中对生存的影响。 %%％许多动物生活在生活中不同阶段的不同环境中，大多数动物孵化。 进行这种变化的动物面临的问题是普遍的，但是在许多系统中，在自然条件下只能研究两个阶段之一。 这项研究孵化时间变化对红眼蛙的卵和幼虫的影响将增加我们对行为和生态学的理解。 它还将提供有关这种备受瞩目的雨林物种的生态学的详细信息，尤其是在关键的生命阶段与捕食者的相互作用。 ***小格式大格式大容量盒式盒式盒式手动饲料质量附近的字母质量备忘录质量质量降低9311196瑞安这个项目将调查动物在孵化时孵化时为什么孵化，以及Hatchi ng的时间如何影响其S 5 f | | （时代新罗马符号和Arial Z Z Z“ H Gz Egz e t n摘要树杂志Elizabeth M. Behrens Elizabeth M. Behrens