RUI: Contemporary Influences on Political Tolerance

RUI：当代对政治宽容的影响

• 批准号: 9224043
• 负责人: George Marcus
• 金额: $ 12.53万
• 依托单位: Williams College
• 依托单位国家: 美国
• 项目类别: Standard Grant
• 财政年份: 1993
• 资助国家: 美国
• 起止时间: 1993-05-01 至 1996-10-31
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/showAward?AWD_ID=9224043&HistoricalAwards=false
• 关键词: RUI; Contemporary; Influences; Political; Tolerance

Most people have a standing decision to be tolerant or intolerant. Researchers concerned with tolerance have generally assumed that people rely on these established beliefs when reacting to disliked groups. Yet outburst of intolerance and repression are part of the United States' historical landscape. Why have these outbursts occurred? This research investigation provides a possible explanation for these fluctuations in tolerance. When people feel threatened, which is likely when an unpopular group bursts onto the political scene, a natural response is anxiety. These feelings of anxiety may subsequently result in political intolerance. Preliminary results from a series of pretest studies corroborate the relationships among threat, anxiety and intolerance: people's perceptions of a group's belligerence and treachery result in increased anxiety and, hence, increased intolerance. But how are these threat perceptions, shaped? The investigators will examine the impact of threat on tolerance by studying variations in how the media and political and legal elites present unpopular groups and their ideas. To examine these concerns, the researchers present video stimuli to people in a series of experiments developed in three phases. Phase I involves creating realistic videos about the two most frequently chosen least-liked groups in the pretest studies: racist and pro-choice groups. Four videos for each group will contain combinations of the two experimental manipulations: high and low versions of the probability of the group coming to power, and threatening and reassuring versions of the group violating the norms of proper, orderly behavior. They will also create video segments that have legal or political elites priming abstract democratic principles. Phase II consists of manipulation checks to ensure that the videos actually manipulate the intended qualities. Phase III involves conducting the full experiments. In the first experiment, subjects will be randomly assigned to a video presentation that includes the normative violations and probability manipulations. The second experiment will use these videos with the democratic norms segment added to them. The third set of experiments will examine variations on these basic experiments, including placing tolerance in an electoral context, varying the length of media coverage, and varying the nature of exposure to news stories about the group. The model of political decision making they develop potentially has wide application in the areas of media priming and framing effects, controlled and automatic processing of information, and affective and cognitive reactions to political stimuli.

大多数人都决定宽容或不宽容。 关心宽容的研究人员通常认为人们在对不喜欢的群体做出反应时依靠这些既定的信念。 然而，不宽容和镇压的爆发是美国历史景观的一部分。 为什么发生这些爆发？ 这项研究调查为这些耐受性波动提供了可能的解释。 当人们感到受到威胁时，当一个不受欢迎的群体突然进入政治舞台时，自然的反应就是焦虑。 这些焦虑感可能会导致政治不容忍。 一系列预测研究的初步结果证实了威胁，焦虑和不宽容之间的关系：人们对一个团体的好战和背叛的看法导致焦虑增加，从而增加了不宽容。 但是，这些威胁感知的形状如何？ 研究人员将通过研究媒体以及政治和法律精英如何提出不受欢迎的群体及其思想的变化来研究威胁对宽容的影响。为了研究这些问题，研究人员在三个阶段开发的一系列实验中向人们展示了视频刺激。 第一阶段涉及创建有关预测研究中最不受欢迎的群体的现实视频：种族主义和亲选择小组。 每个组的四个视频将包含两个实验操作的组合：小组上台的概率的高和低版本，并威胁和放心该组的版本违反了适当的有序行为的规范。 他们还将创建具有法律或政治精英启动抽象民主原则的视频细分市场。 第二阶段由操纵检查组成，以确保视频实际操纵预期的素质。 第三阶段涉及进行完整的实验。 在第一个实验中，受试者将随机分配到包括规范性违规和概率操纵的视频演示文稿中。 第二个实验将将这些视频与添加到其添加的民主规范细分市场中。 第三组实验将检查这些基本实验的变化，包括在选举环境中放置宽容，改变媒体覆盖范围的时间，并改变有关该小组的新闻报道的性质。 他们发展的政治决策模型在媒体启动和框架效应，信息的控制和自动处理以及对政治刺激的情感和认知反应方面具有广泛的应用。