The Immune Response to Oncogenic Retroviruses

Although the discovery of the first oncogenic retrovirus was made almost 100 years ago, considerable insights into the specific host immunity involved in anti-tumor and anti-viral responses during acute and chronic infection with oncogenic retroviruses have been achieved only in the last few decades. Human T-cell lymphotropic virus 1 (HTLV-1) is the only known human oncogenic retrovirus, yet several animal retroviruses have provided knowledge of the mechanisms by which host immunity controls retroviral spread and the sequelae, such as tumor induction; as well as viral escape mechanisms, including mutation of virus-specific antigens and virus-induced immunosuppression of B-and T-cell responses. This chapter will cover advances in the understanding of the immune responses to HTLV-1 and its associated adult T-cell leukemia (ATL), after first examining the cell- and antibody-mediated responses to the AKR/Gross, Friend, and the LP-BM5 murine retroviruses and their tumors.

尽管第一种致癌逆转录病毒在近100年前就已被发现，但直到最近几十年，人们才对致癌逆转录病毒急性和慢性感染期间涉及抗肿瘤和抗病毒反应的特异性宿主免疫有了相当深入的了解。人类T细胞白血病病毒1型（HTLV - 1）是已知唯一的人类致癌逆转录病毒，然而几种动物逆转录病毒已经让我们了解了宿主免疫控制逆转录病毒传播及其后遗症（如肿瘤诱导）的机制，以及病毒的逃逸机制，包括病毒特异性抗原的突变以及病毒诱导的B细胞和T细胞反应的免疫抑制。在首先探讨针对AKR/格罗斯病毒、弗氏病毒以及LP - BM5鼠逆转录病毒及其引发的肿瘤的细胞介导和抗体介导的反应之后，本章将涵盖在理解针对HTLV - 1及其相关的成人T细胞白血病（ATL）的免疫反应方面的进展。